Establishing a Habitability Index for Space Stations and Planetary Bases

Celentano, J. T.; Amorelli, D.; Freeman, Guo

doi:10.2514/6.1963-139

Cited by 28 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Thus, in the School of Aerospace Medicine space-cabin experiments discussed by , where the full volume in the oneman cabin was approximately 50 ft3 , postconfinement deconditioning was manifest by decreases in exercise tolerance and endurance, decrease in orthostatic tolerance to tilt-table exposure, and decrease in blood volume and hemoglobin. Similarly, in the studies of Celentano et al (1963), where the smallest cabin allowed about 55 ft3 per man, subjects experienced a rise in blood pressure and heart rate subsequent to leaving the cabin, with complaints of dizziness, weakness, and fatigue on walking. Comparable effects, apparently lasting two weeks postflight, are suggested by Soviet press reports on the 18-day Soyuz 9 mission in mid-1970; it may be noted that the Soyuz spacecraft is more cramped than the Apollo command module.…”

Section: Physiological and Medical Factors 35mentioning

confidence: 90%

“…1948), studies of bedrest (Birkhead et al, 1963;Miller et al, 1964aMiller et al, , 1964b, the effects of confinement in special rooms (Alluisi et al, 1963;Hanna et al, 1963;Lebedinsky et al, 1964). Perhaps more closely related to space missions have been studies of submarine confinement (Fawcett and Newman, 1953;Weybrew, 1963) and in space-cabin simulators (Celentano et al, 1963;Lawton et al, 1964;Grodsky and Bryant, 1962;Hanna, 1962;. More recently, some longer space-cabin simulations have been conducted, including the 56-day exposure to an oxygen-helium environment in the USAF School of Aerospace Medicine environmental simulator (Hargreaves et al, 1966), and the 60-and 90-day closed-loop system manned simulations conducted by the McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company (Taliaferro and Seaman, 1969;McDonnell Douglas, 1971).…”

Section: Physiological and Medical Factors 33mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human Factors in Long-Duration Spaceflight

1972

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Council with the express approval of the Governing Board of the NRC. Such approval indicated that the Board considered that the problem is of national significance, that elucidation of the problem required scientific or technical competence, and that the resources of NRC were particularly suitable to the conduct of the project. The institutional responsibilities of the NRC were then discharged in the following manner:The members of the study committee were selected for their individual scholarly competence and judgment, with due consideration for the balance and breadth of disciplines. Responsibility for all aspects of this report rests with the study committee, to whom we express our sincere appreciation.Although the reports of our study committees are not submitted for approval to the Academy membership nor to the Council, each report is reviewed by a second group of scientists according to procedures established and monitored by the Academy's Report Review Committee. Such reviews are intended to determine, inter alia, whether the major questions and relevant points of view have been addressed and whether the reported findings, conclusions, and recommendations arose from the available data and information. Distribution of the report is permitted only after satisfactory completion of this review process.PRECEDlliG PAGES__D NOT FILMED

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Section: Physiological and Medical Factors 35mentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Physiological and Medical Factors 33mentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Factors in Long-Duration Spaceflight

1972

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“…However, there was no guidance specifically with regard to sizing pressurized volume. In the primary reference, NASA-STD-3000, the total guidance for estimating habitable volume per crewmember is derived from an original study (Celentano, Amorelli, & Freeman, 1963) in which the authors developed a "habitability index" based upon data from a series of simulated living conditions, summarized in From data obtained from a total of 18 subjects performing in simulated conditions for a maximum duration of seven days, the authors extrapolated habitable volume required for mission durations of 12 months for three "performance levels"; these extrapolated curves are shown in Figure 3. Although it was felt that the utility of these data was somewhat questionable, given that they were based on (1) a very small subject pool, (2) under limited simulated conditions, (3) with extrapolations to 12 months drawn from seven days of testing, the team decided to use this guidance to estimate habitable volumes for a lunar outpost 180-day crew mission for the three performance conditions as a data point for comparison with other methods; these estimates are summarized in Table 3.…”

Section: Human / Spacecraft Integration Standards and Design Guidancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…(2) HabEST: Built by AMA, Inc., this Excel-based tool instantiates the assumptions of the Celentano, et al (1963) habitability index and relates the three performance levels to categories of crew provisions. Given this foundation for the tool, the values derived were identical to those from consideration of the design guidance in NASA-STD-3000 and this tool was not used further in this analysis.…”

Section: Parametric "Sizing" Toolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lunar Architecture Team: Phase 2 Habitat Volume Estimation: ''Caution When Using Analogs''

Rudisill

Howard

Griffin³

et al. 2008

Earth &Amp;amp; Space 2008

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The lunar surface habitat will serve as the astronauts' "home on the moon," providing a pressurized facility for all crew living functions and serving as the primary location for a number of crew work functions. Adequate volume is required for each of these functions in addition to that devoted to housing the habitat systems and crew consumables. The time constraints of the LAT-2 schedule precluded the Habitation Team from conducting a complete "bottoms-up" design of a lunar surface habitation system from which to derive true volumetric requirements. The objective of this analysis was to quickly derive an estimated total pressurized volume and pressurized net habitable volume per crewmember for a lunar surface habitat, using a principled, methodical approach in the absence of a detailed design. Five "heuristic methods" were used: historical spacecraft volumes, human/spacecraft integration standards and design guidance, Earth-based analogs, parametric "sizing" tools, and conceptual point designs. Estimates for total pressurized volume, total habitable volume, and volume per crewmember were derived using these methods. All method were found to provide some basis for volume estimates, but values were highly variable across a wide range, with no obvious convergence of values. Best current assumptions for required crew volume were provided as a range. Results of these analyses and future work are discussed.

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“…Habitation is the space which determines the overall living and operational environment for an individual within a space vehicle which affects the quality of daily life and productivity onboard the vehicle (Celentano et al, 1963;Bond & Campbell, 1995). NASA's Gemini VII study was the first real-world 14-day habitation study in space.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human habitation in a lunar electric rover during a 14-day field trial

Litaker¹,

Thompson²,

Howard³

2010

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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Various military and commercial entities, as well as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), have conducted space cabin confinement studies. However, after an extensive literature search, only one study was found using a simulated lunar rover (LUNEX II), under laboratory conditions, with a crew of two for an eighteen day lunar mission. Forty-three years later, NASA human factors engineers conducted a similar study using the Lunar Electric Rover (LER) in a dynamic real-world lunar simulation at the Black Point Lava Flow in Arizona. The objective of the study was to obtain human-in-the-loop performance data on the vehicle's interior volume with respect to human-system interfaces, crew accommodations, and habitation over a 14-day mission. Though part of a larger study including 212 overall operational elements, this paper will discuss only the performance of fifty different daily habitational elements within the confines of the vehicle carried out by two male subjects. Objective timing data and subjective questionnaire data were collected. Results indicate, much like the LUNEX II study, the LER field study suggest that a crew of two was able to maintain a satisfactory performance of tasks throughout the 14-day field trail within a relative small vehicle volume.

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Establishing a Habitability Index for Space Stations and Planetary Bases

Cited by 28 publications

References 3 publications

Human Factors in Long-Duration Spaceflight

Human Factors in Long-Duration Spaceflight

Lunar Architecture Team: Phase 2 Habitat Volume Estimation: ''Caution When Using Analogs''

Human habitation in a lunar electric rover during a 14-day field trial

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