essor de l'Europe

Framework for a chemo‐mechanical model of the breathing effect in lithium–silicon batteries

“…To implement the model into the finite element method (FEM), we make use of the generalized standard materials (GSM) framework [5, 6]. The time discretized incremental potential $$\Pi _{{{\Delta }}}$$, composed of the free energy density ψ, and the time discretized dissipation potential $$\phi _{{{\Delta }}}$$, is given by: $$$$\begin{align} \begin{split} \Pi _{{{\Delta }}}&= \int _{V_0} {\left[ \Delta \psi {\left({{\rm C}},\xi ^{\chi },\,{\rm Grad}\,{\xi ^{\chi }},\xi ,C\right)} + \phi _{{{\Delta }}}{\left({{\rm C}},{{\rm J}}_{{{\Delta }}},\Delta \xi \right)} \right]} {\rm d}V - \int _{V_0} \mu {\left(\Delta C + {\rm Div}\,{{{\rm J}}_{{{\Delta }}}}\right)} \,{\rm d}V\\ &\quad\,+\, \int _{\partial V_{0{\rm e}}} \phi ^{{\rm e}}_{{{\Delta }}}(J_{{{\Delta }}}) \, {\rm d}A - \int _{\partial V_{0\Xi }} \bar{\Xi }\,\Delta \xi ^{\chi }\,{\rm d}A - \int _{\partial V_{0t}} \bar{\hat{{{\rm t}}}}\cdot \Delta {{\rm u}}\,{\rm d}A.$$…”

Butlers and dish-bearers in Anglo-Saxon courts: household officers at the royal table

“…In the Carolingian empire their roles were not always clearly defined, and nor were they in late eleventh-century France. 160 The bouteiller was supposed to oversee vineyards and wine provision, and the s en echal had wide powers over the organization of the palace, ranging from the royal table to the smooth operation of the court; but in fact all of them could be entrusted with many errands and missions, such as presiding over judiciary cases not necessarily within their perimeter, or even commanding the royal ost. As Eric Bournazel showed, the only things which really counted were their fidelity, their competence, their valour and their personal charisma.…”