Essentiality and Function of Silicon

Carlisle, Edith M.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-4018-8_10

Cited by 19 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…However, they help in the formulation of further hypotheses. Several studies have demonstrated the positive effect of silicon on bone formation6, 15–19 and more recently Reffitt et al . demonstrated a positive effect of soluble silicon on COL I synthesis, ALP and OC production and also an increase in the levels of mRNA of ALP and OC, after 3 days 19.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…It has been reported that, in 1878, Louis Pasteur said “effects of silicic acid are destined to play a great and major role in therapy.”9 Several reports mentioned the positive effect of silicon in several situations, such as DNA synthesis, protein synthesis, bone formation and development 9–17. In 1972, Carlisle, Schwarz, and Milne reported for the first time that a silicon deficient diet in chicks and rats led to abnormally‐shaped bones and defective cartilaginous tissue, but that these effects could be corrected by the incorporation of silicon in their diet 9, 15–17. These and further studies indicated that silicon might play an important role in connective tissue metabolism especially in bone and cartilage 18–20.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Shielding and dielectric properties of sulfonic acid‐doped π‐conjugated polymer in 8.2–12.4 GHz frequency range

Ohlan¹,

Singh²,

Dhawan³

2009

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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This article deals with dielectric and electromagnetic interference shielding properties of the polyaniline doped with dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) synthesized by microemulsion polymerization of aniline in aqueous solution of DBSA. Dielectric constant and shielding effectiveness due to absorption (SE A ) were calculated using S-parameter obtained from the vector network analyzer in 8.2-12.4 GHz frequency range. Maximum SE A of 26 dB (>99%) was achieved for polymer sample. The real part e 0 of complex permittivity shows small variation, whereas the imaginary part e 00 is found to decrease with the increase in frequency. Different formulations have been performed to see the effect of monomer to dopant ratio on intrinsic properties of polyaniline. Further characterization of polymer was carried out by UV-visible and thermal gravimetric analysis, whereas the conductivity measurements were carried out by the four-probe method.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shielding and dielectric properties of sulfonic acid‐doped π‐conjugated polymer in 8.2–12.4 GHz frequency range

Ohlan¹,

Singh²,

Dhawan³

2009

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…However, the molecular basis of biological interactions with silicon is poorly understood. Silicon is an essential element in animals, critical for proper formation of bone and connective tissue (Schwarz and Milne 1972, Carlisle 1978, 1981), and is beneficial, if not essential, for plants, where it contributes to stem rigidity, photosynthetic efficiency, and fungal resistance (Epstein 1994, Fauteux et al 2005). The most prevalent silicifying organisms are diatoms, unicellular eukaryotic microalgae that use silica as a rigid structural material for their cell walls.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

COMPARATIVE SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF DIATOM SILICON TRANSPORTERS: TOWARD A MECHANISTIC MODEL OF SILICON TRANSPORT¹

Thamatrakoln

Alverson²,

Hildebrand

2006

Journal of Phycology

118

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Silicon is an important element in biology, for organisms ranging from unicellular algae to humans. It acts as a structural material for both plants and animals, but can also function as a metabolite or regulator of gene expression, affecting a wide range of cellular processes. Molecular details of biological interaction with silicon are poorly understood. Diatoms, the largest group of silicifying organisms, are a good model system for studying this interaction. The first proteins shown to directly interact with silicon were diatom silicon transporters (SITs). Because the basis for substrate recognition lies within the primary sequence of a protein, identification of conserved amino acid residues would provide insight into the mechanism of SIT function. Lack of SIT sequences from a diversity of diatoms and high sequence conservation in known SITs has precluded identification of such residues. In this study, PCR was used to amplify partial SIT sequences from eight diverse diatom species. Multiple gene copies were prevalent in each species, and phylogenetic analysis showed that SITs generally group according to species. In addition to partial SIT sequences, full-length SIT genes were identified from the pennate diatom, Nitzschia alba (Lewin and Lewin), and the centric diatom Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve. Comparing these SITs with previously identified SITs showed structural differences between SITs of centrics and pennates, suggesting differences in transport mechanism or regulation. Comparative amino acid analysis identified conserved regions that may be important for silicon transport, including repeats of the motif GXQ. A model for silicon uptake and efflux is presented that is consistent with known aspects of transport.

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“…The development of procedures to m aintain an 'ultra-clean environm ent' by Smith & Schwarz during the 1960s furnished the tool for the production of deficiencies of 'new ' trace elements and to the suggestion or demonstration of their essential functions (Smith & Schwarz 1967). During the next decade, deficiencies were produced and independently confirmed in more than one animal species for nickel (Nielsen & Sauberlich 1970), vanadium (Hopkins & M ohr 1971), silicon (Carlisle 1974;Schwarz 1977), and arsenic (Anke et al 1978). However, with the possible exception of silicon, no basic mechan ism of action has been found that would provide the scientific basis for the signs of deficiency.…”

Section: Essentialitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The scientific and practical importance of trace elements

Mertz

1981

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

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E. J. Underwood's discovery of the essentially of cobalt for ruminant animals is the classic example of the vast benefits to agricultural production of research into the nutritional significance of trace elements. The extension of this discovery, culminating in the identification of vitamin B12, resulted in similar benefits for human health, notably the conquest of pernicious anaemia. Since then, additional essential trace elements have been discovered. Deficiency or imbalance, whether occurring naturally or from human activities, has been shown to present significant problems for the health of man and animals. Essentiality has been proved for a rapidly growing range of 'new' trace elements, whose biochemical mechanisms of action and implications for human health are unknown. In spite of an increasing knowledge of significant changes in the exposure of man and animals to trace elements from diet and environment, the concern of nutrition policy planners for inorganic micro-nutrients remains overshadowed by that for the bulk components of the diet. The application of existing knowledge of trace element nutrition to problems of human and animal health will depend on a clear understanding of events that link molecular, biochemical mechanisms to the clinical manifestation of deficiencies.

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Essentiality and Function of Silicon

Cited by 19 publications

References 14 publications

Shielding and dielectric properties of sulfonic acid‐doped π‐conjugated polymer in 8.2–12.4 GHz frequency range

Shielding and dielectric properties of sulfonic acid‐doped π‐conjugated polymer in 8.2–12.4 GHz frequency range

COMPARATIVE SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF DIATOM SILICON TRANSPORTERS: TOWARD A MECHANISTIC MODEL OF SILICON TRANSPORT¹

The scientific and practical importance of trace elements

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Essentiality and Function of Silicon

Cited by 19 publications

References 14 publications

Shielding and dielectric properties of sulfonic acid‐doped π‐conjugated polymer in 8.2–12.4 GHz frequency range

Shielding and dielectric properties of sulfonic acid‐doped π‐conjugated polymer in 8.2–12.4 GHz frequency range

COMPARATIVE SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF DIATOM SILICON TRANSPORTERS: TOWARD A MECHANISTIC MODEL OF SILICON TRANSPORT1

The scientific and practical importance of trace elements

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COMPARATIVE SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF DIATOM SILICON TRANSPORTERS: TOWARD A MECHANISTIC MODEL OF SILICON TRANSPORT¹