[Retracted] Essential Oils Loaded in Nanosystems: A Developing  Strategy for a Successful Therapeutic Approach

Bilia, Anna Rita; Guccione, Clizia; Isacchi, Benedetta; Righeschi, Chiara; Firenzuoli, Fabio; Bergonzi, Maria Camilla

doi:10.1155/2014/651593

Cited by 351 publications

(295 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Despite the activity observed with the bioassays that we have conducted, the therapeutic outcome of these flavonoids/its enriched active fractions in the in vivo system is still limited due to its physicochemical nature of poor water solubility, deprived intestinal absorbance, and limited bioavailability. 40,41 To overcome this obstacle, numerous attempts of delivery systems for individual flavonoids have been established such as phytosome/liposome. 42 However, previous reports indicated that isolation and purification of the bioactive constituents result in lessening of pharmacological activities that were Figure 4 Antioxidant activity of MO bioactive fractions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization, formulation, and characterization of multiflavonoids-loaded flavanosome by bulk or sequential technique

Karthivashan¹,

Kura²,

Abas³

et al. 2016

IJN

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This study involves adaptation of bulk or sequential technique to load multiple flavonoids in a single phytosome, which can be termed as “flavonosome”. Three widely established and therapeutically valuable flavonoids, such as quercetin (Q), kaempferol (K), and apigenin (A), were quantified in the ethyl acetate fraction of Moringa oleifera leaves extract and were commercially obtained and incorporated in a single flavonosome (QKA–phosphatidylcholine) through four different methods of synthesis – bulk (M1) and serialized (M2) co-sonication and bulk (M3) and sequential (M4) co-loading. The study also established an optimal formulation method based on screening the synthesized flavonosomes with respect to their size, charge, polydispersity index, morphology, drug–carrier interaction, antioxidant potential through in vitro 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl kinetics, and cytotoxicity evaluation against human hepatoma cell line (HepaRG). Furthermore, entrapment and loading efficiency of flavonoids in the optimal flavonosome have been identified. Among the four synthesis methods, sequential loading technique has been optimized as the best method for the synthesis of QKA–phosphatidylcholine flavonosome, which revealed an average diameter of 375.93±33.61 nm, with a zeta potential of −39.07±3.55 mV, and the entrapment efficiency was >98% for all the flavonoids, whereas the drug-loading capacity of Q, K, and A was 31.63%±0.17%, 34.51%±2.07%, and 31.79%±0.01%, respectively. The in vitro 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl kinetics of the flavonoids indirectly depicts the release kinetic behavior of the flavonoids from the carrier. The QKA-loaded flavonosome had no indication of toxicity toward human hepatoma cell line as shown by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide result, wherein even at the higher concentration of 200 µg/mL, the flavonosomes exert >85% of cell viability. These results suggest that sequential loading technique may be a promising nanodrug delivery system for loading multiflavonoids in a single entity with sustained activity as an antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and hepatosupplement candidate.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization, formulation, and characterization of multiflavonoids-loaded flavanosome by bulk or sequential technique

Karthivashan¹,

Kura²,

Abas³

et al. 2016

IJN

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“…A nanotechnology approach could be attractive in modulating both drug pharmacokinetics and biodistribution, thus decreasing potential side effects by leaving the normal sensitive cells unharmed. Additionally, nanovectors could mask unpleasant taste or limit the volatility of a molecule/extract (i.e., essential oil) [16,17].…”

Section: Nanomedicine: Merely a Question Of Size?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Encapsulation in nanometric particles is an alternative for overcoming these problems but, additionally, due to the subcellular size, may increase the cellular absorption mechanisms and increase bioefficacy, as reported in a comprehensive recent review [17].…”

Section: Nanocarriers Loaded With Essential Oils To Optimize Their Thmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving on Nature: The Role of Nanomedicine in the Development of Clinical Natural Drugs

et al. 2017

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Natural products have been used as a major source of drugs for millennia, and about half of the pharmaceuticals in use today are derived from natural products. However, their efficacy can be limited because of their low hydrophilicity and intrinsic dissolution rate(s), or physical/chemical instability. In addition, they can present scarce absorption, poor pharmacokinetics and bioavailability, scarce biodistribution, first-pass metabolism, trivial penetration and accumulation in the organs of the body, or low targeting efficacy. Novel nanoformulations based on drug delivery systems, namely nanoparticles, micelles, and vesicles, offer significant promise in overcoming these limitations. Nowadays, nanomedicine is crucial in developing appropriate therapeutic treatments of essential drugs, specifically antitumor and antiparasistic agents (i.e., Taxol, vincristine, camptothecin, doxorubicin, artemisinin) and other emerging molecules with pleiotropic functions (i.e., resveratrol, curcumin, salvianolic acid B, honokiol). Additionally, the number of nanoformulations developed with flavonoids, in particular rutin, quercetin, silymarin, and green tea catechins, is constantly increasing, and a significant number of publications have appeared in the last decade pertaining to nanoformulations based on extracts and essential oils. Most of these studies report very promising nanoformulations with sustained release and improved bioavailability at much lower doses than conventional preparations, and in many cases, also a better safety profile.

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“…However, the essential oils are limited for the application due to highly unstable, volatile, and insoluble in water. [9][10] Thixogel, a unique thixotropic gel properties which can be liquid when stirred or shaken, has been developed as a novel gel formulation for topical drug delivery, especially for hydrophobic plant actives. 11 The thixogel technology has many advantages, such as a soft oil-in-water emulsion, a quick drying emulsion on the skin, a stable emulsion without the addition of surfactants that can irritate the skin, such as alcohols and fatty acid esters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repellent Activity of Essential Oils from Cananga odorata Lamk. and Cymbopogon nardus L. on Corn Starch-Based Thixogel

Wathoni¹,

Sriwidodo²,

Sofian³

et al. 2018

JYP

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[Retracted] Essential Oils Loaded in Nanosystems: A Developing Strategy for a Successful Therapeutic Approach

Cited by 351 publications

References 69 publications

Optimization, formulation, and characterization of multiflavonoids-loaded flavanosome by bulk or sequential technique

Optimization, formulation, and characterization of multiflavonoids-loaded flavanosome by bulk or sequential technique

Improving on Nature: The Role of Nanomedicine in the Development of Clinical Natural Drugs

Repellent Activity of Essential Oils from Cananga odorata Lamk. and Cymbopogon nardus L. on Corn Starch-Based Thixogel

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