Essential Oils from the Malaysian Citrus (Rutaceae) Medicinal Plants

Abstract

This review article appraises the extraction methods, compositions, and bioactivities of the essential oils from the Citrus species (family: Rutaceae) endemic to Malaysia including C. aurantifolia, C. grandis, C. hystrix, and C. microcarpa. Generally, the fresh peels and leaves of the Citrus species were extracted using different methods such as steam and water distillation, Likens-Nikerson extraction, solvent extraction, and headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME). Most of the Citrus oils were found to be rich in monoterpene hydrocarbons with limonene (1) as the major component identified in the peels of C. aurantifolia (39.3%), C. grandis (81.6%–96.9%), and C. microcarpa (94.0%), while sabinene (19) was the major component in the peels of C. hystrix (36.4%–48.5%). In addition, citronellal (20) (61.7%–72.5%), linalool (18) (56.5%), and hedycaryol (23) (19.0%) were identified as the major components in the oil of C. hystrix leaves, C. grandis blossom and C. microcarpa leaves, respectively. The C. hystrix essential oil has been experimentally shown to have antimicrobial and antifeedant activities, while no bioactivity study has been reported on the essential oils of other Malaysian Citrus species.

Acaricidal properties of essential oils from agro‐industrial waste products from citric fruit against Tetranychus urticae

“…In the present investigation, the yields of the mandarin/tangerine peel EOs were higher than those reported in some studies and lower than those reported in other studies in the literature. Othman et al () reported a greater yield for the EO from C. reticulate collected in Hanoi, Vietnam (2.02%), than that found in the present investigation (1.37 ± 0.21%). On the other hand, the yields in the present study for the mandarin/tangerine oils ( C. reticulate and C. reticulata × C. sinensis ) were higher than those reported for samples collected in Faisalabad, Pakistan, by Sadaf, Shahid, and Iqbal (), who attributed the lower yield (0.18 ± 0.03%) to the ripeness of the fruit.…”

Insecticidal Potential of Citrus and Mango Essential Oils and Selected Constituents on Silverleaf Whitefly1

“…Regarding the yields of the essential oils from the peels of fruits of the Citrus species, the highest values were found for tangerine (C. reticulata x C. sinensis) (2.05 ± 0.03%) and mandarin orange (C. reticulata) (1.31 ± 0.21%), followed by lemon (C. limon) (0.81 ± 0.06%) and lime (C. aurantiifolia) (0.48 ± 0.03%). These yields are in agreement with the values reported in the literature, which vary from 0.005 to 2.04% for tangerine and orange (OTHMAN et al, 2016) and from 0.23 to 2.2% for lemon and lime (GHOORCHIBEIGI et al, 2017;TCHAMENI et al, 2018. The GC/MS analysis of the oils of the four species of Citrus enabled the identification of 56 compounds accounting for 96.80 ± 1.13, 96.53 ± 1.80, 95.43 ± 0.98 and 92.05 ± 1. Twenty-one compounds were found in M. indica, accounting for 94.52 ± 0.61 and 93.96 ± 0.75% of the chemical composition of the oils from the latex of the "espada" and "rosa" varieties, respectively.…”

Antibacterial Properties of Essential Oil in Some Indonesian Herbs

“…This oil can also be applied in perfumes, toilet waters, eaux de cologne, and cosmetics [39]. In Malaysia, the oils from the fruits and the leaves are commercially used as flavors and fragrances, as well as in cooking, perfumery, and medical treatments, especially in aromatherapy [40]. This situation is not different within Indonesia.…”