Essential oil composition and antimicrobial potential of aromatic plants grown in the mid-hill conditions of the Western Himalayas

Abstract

Essential oils are highly concentrated natural extracts obtained from plants, rich in bioactive constituents with antimicrobial properties, but the distinctive climate of the Western Himalayan region influences the same. Aromatic and medicinal plants, viz., Origanum majorana, Origanum vulgare, Cymbopogon winterianus, Pelargonium graveolens, and Nepeta cataria were grown in the foothills of the Western Himalayan condition and evaluated for essential oil content, composition, and their effect on some of the most common pathogenic microorganisms. The essential oil content (%) was 0.77, 0.45, 1.37, 0.15 and 0.17% in O. majorana, O. vulgare, C. winterianus, P. graveolens, and N. cataria, respectively. The major essential oil constituents of the isolated oils were terpinen-4-ol, thymol, citronellal, citronellol, and nepetalactone, contributing 41.24%, 31.81%, 43.13%, 43.35% and 91.43% in O. majorana, O. vulgare, C. winterianus, P. graveolens, and N. cataria, respectively. Well-diffusion assay revealed that the essential oil of O. majorana and O. vulgare was active against both the tested Gram-positive, viz., Bacillus subtilis MTCC 121, Micrococcus luteus MTCC 2470, and Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 96; and Gram-negative, viz., Escherichia coli MTCC 43, Klebsiella pneumoniae MTCC 109, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 2453 bacteria, while the essential oil of C. winterianus, P. graveolens, and N. cataria showed activity against only some Gram-positive bacteria. Minimum inhibitory concentration (v/v) values indicated the highest efficacy of O. majorana essential oil against B. subtilis (0.5%), M. luteus (1%), and S. aureus (1%), while O. vulgare was most efficient to E. coli (2%) and K. pneumoniae (2%). C. winterianus essential oil did not inhibit any bacterial strains. M. luteus was susceptible to the essential oil of P. graveolens (1%) and N. cataria (0.5%) at low concentrations. Present findings showed the association between the chemical constituents’ profile of isolated essential oils from the Himalayan region and their antimicrobial activity, indicating their perspective to be utilized as antibacterial means.

The Volatile Organic Compounds of Streptomyces spp.: An In-Depth Analysis of Their Antifungal Properties

“…CS057 or its coculture with E. weberi . The Upset Plot ( Figure 4 ) showed a wide variety of compounds known to be part of plant essential oils, most of them with bioactivities described in [ 29 , 30 , 31 ]. Nevertheless, most of these properties are described in essential oils, not in the isolated compounds that comprise them.…”

Exploring the Sustainable Exploitation of Bioactive Compounds in Pelargonium sp.: Beyond a Fragrant Plant

“…Citronellol (17.74%) and geraniol (14.73%) [17] Geraniol, citronellol, citronellyl formate, geranyl formate, linalool, 10-epi-γ-eudesmol [22] Citronellol, geraniol, citronellyl formate, L-linalool, 10-epi-γ-eudesmol and geraniol formate [10] Geraniol (18.6-25.5%), citronellol (24.8-28.7%), citronellyl formate (7.9-10.5%), isomenthol (5.4-8.1%) and linalool (1.4-3.4%) [23] Linalool, cis-rose oxide, trans-rose oxide, menthone, isomenthone, citronellol, geraniol, citronellyl formate, geranyl formate and 10-epi-γ-eudesmol [24] Citronellol, geranial, geraniol, guainene, germacrene D, iso-menthone, geranyl formate [25] Linalool, iso-menthone, citronellol, geraniol, citronellyl formate, geranyl formate, 10 epi-γ-eudesmol [26] Citronellol (15.64%), geraniol (11.31%), citronellyl formate (10.19%), isolongifolan-7-a-ol (7.84%) [27] Citronellol (39.9-49.19%), geraniol (6.5-14.88%), epi-γ-Eudesmol (7.6-10.49%), isomenthone (3.2-6.0%), citronellyl formate (3.6-4.9%) and linalool (1.3-4.9%) [28] β-Citronellol, geraniol, citronellyl formate, linalool, (+)-isomenthone, σ-selinene [29] Citronellol and geraniol [30] Citronellol (32%), geraniol (15%), linalool (6%), isomenthone (6%), geranyl formate (2.5%), tiglate (2%), citronellyl formate (6%), guaia-6,9-diene, and 10-epi-γ eudesmol (5%) [31] Linalool, menthone, geraniol, isomenthone, citronellyl formate, geranyl formate, cis-rose oxide, trans-rose oxide [32] Citronellol, geraniol, citronellyl formate, iso-menthone, linalool, E-caryophyllene [33] Citronellol (17.74%), geraniol (14.73%), 10-epi-γ-eudesmol (9.52%), citronellyl formate (5.96%), geraniol formate (3.82%), menthone (2.48%), and isomenthone (2.11%) [34] Citronellol, linalool, geraniol, citronellyl formate, geranyl formate, geranyl acetate, limonene, trans-caryophyllene [12] Geraniol, citronellol, β-linalool, γ-eudesmol, citronellyl formate, isomenthone, geranyl tiglate, germacrene-D, geranyl formate [35] Isomenthone (41%), geraniol (19.1%), linalool (12.8%), citronellol (11.6%), citronellyl formate (11.3%) [14] p-menthan-3-ol (13.31%), citronellol (27.41%), and geraniol (43.58%) [36] Citronellol (19.22%), geraniol (14.03%) and citronellyl formate (10.02%) [37] Citronellol, menthan-2-one, citronellyl formate, 10-epi-γ-eudesmol, rose oxide B, citronellyl propanoate and citronellyl butanoate [38] Of the 120 phytoconstituents found in the plant, including sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes, and other important compounds, there are three key components that contribute to its scent: geraniol, citronellol, linalool, and their esters (...…”

“…These compounds are responsible for many antibacterial, antiseptic, and antiviral properties. aerial parts Western Himalayan region, India 0.15 [38] where: BCS-biochar growth media; CS-control growth media; LI-laser irradiation; MCT-mycorrhizal colonized treatment; MLE1 (1:40), MLE2 (1:30), MLE3 (1:20) and MLE4 (1:10) treatments-the supernatant was diluted with distilled water (v:v) to reach the required concentrations for foliar spray by adding 1 mL of supernatant into 10, 20, 30, and 40 mL of water; MWD-moderate water deficiency; NCG-non-colonized group; NI-non-irradiated; NM-Non-mycorrhizal; S1, S2, S3-inoculation using the three bacterial strains S1-Pseudomonas rhizophila S211, S2-Halomonas desertis G11, S3-Oceanobacillus iheyensis E9; SDS-solid digestate growth media; T1-100% sewage sludge, T2-80% sewage sludge + 20% soil, T3-60% sewage sludge + 40% soil, T4-40% sewage sludge + 60% soil, T5-20% sewage sludge + 80% soil; T6-soil (only soil); WW-well-watered.…”

Synergistic antibacterial effects of Trachyspermum ammi L. essential oil and sodium nitrite in combination on artificially inoculated food models

“…Mentha arvensis EO has menthol as an active phytochemical, has been traditionally used for food seasoning, and also has antiseptic, carminative, refrigerant, stimulant, and diuretic properties (Thawkar et al, 2016). The popular culinary herb Ocimum basilicum EO has antimicrobial, antifungal, insect-repelling, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and antioxidant properties (Joshi, 2014;Rathore et al, 2023). Salvia sclarea L. (clary sage) EO has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties, used for the treatment of stress, asthma, digestive and menstrual problems (Aćimović, et al, 2018).…”