Essential fatty acids in health and chronic disease

Simopoulos, Artemis P.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/70.3.560s

Cited by 1,386 publications

(945 citation statements)

References 80 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

887

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Breast milk contains different concentrations and composition of fats, especially long-chain PUFA, which can affect patterns of growth, body composition and CVD development (84)(85)(86) . In terms of plasma lipoproteins, breastfeeding has been described to have a transient detrimental impact by increasing total cholesterol: HDL-cholesterol; however, these changes disappear over time.…”

Section: Effect Of Mode Of Feeding On Growth Obesity and Cvd Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of growth patterns and early diet on obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in young children from developing countries

et al. 2009

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Non-communicable chronic diseases are now a worldwide epidemic. Diet and physical activity throughout life are among its main determinants. In countries undergoing the early stages of the nutrition transition weight gain from birth to 2 years of life is related to lean mass gain, while ponderal gain after age 2 years is related to adiposity and later diabetes and CVD risk. Evidence from developing countries undergoing the more advanced stages of the nutrition transition is limited. The early growth patterns of a cohort of Chilean children born in 2002 with normal birth weight who at 4 years had a high prevalence of obesity and CVD risk factors have been assessed. Results indicate that BMI gain in early life, particularly from 6 months to 24 months, is positively associated with adiposity and CVD risk status at 4 years. These results together with existing evidence suggest that actions to prevent obesity and nutrition-related chronic diseases in developing countries should start early in life, possibly after 6 months of age. This approach should consider assessing the effect of mode of feeding and the amount and type of energy fed, as well as the resulting growth patterns. The challenge for researchers addressing the nutrition transition is to define the optimal nutrition in early life, considering not only the short-and long-term health consequences but also taking into account the stage of the nutritional transition for the given population of interest. The latter will probably require redefining optimal postnatal growth based on the context of maternal size and fetal growth.

show abstract

Section: Effect Of Mode Of Feeding On Growth Obesity and Cvd Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of growth patterns and early diet on obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in young children from developing countries

et al. 2009

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…N-6 fatty acids have an unfavourable effect on the -E-mail: eli.gjerlaug@norsvin.no incidence of several important diseases in the general human population (e.g. coronary heart disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, arthritis and other inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases and cancer; Simopoulos, 1999). Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) are synthesised de novo in the pig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic parameters of fat quality in pigs measured by near-infrared spectroscopy

Gjerlaug-Enger

Aass

Ødegård

et al. 2011

Animal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Subcutaneous fat from Norwegian Landrace (n 5 3230) and Duroc (n 5 1769) pigs was sampled to investigate the sources of variation and genetic parameters of various fatty acids, fat moisture percentage and fat colour, with the lean meat percentage (LMP) also included as a trait representing the leanness of the pig. The pigs were from half-sib groups of station-tested boars included in the Norwegian pig breeding scheme. They were fed ad libitum to obtain an average of 113 kg live weight. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was applied for prediction of the fatty acids and fat moisture percentage, and Minolta was used for the fat colour measurements. Heritabilities and genetic correlations were estimated with a multi-trait animal model using average information-restricted maximum likelihood (AI-REML) methodology. Fat from Landrace pigs had considerably more monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and fat moisture, as well as less saturated fatty acids (SFAs) than fat from Duroc pigs. The heritability estimates (s.e. 0.03 to 0.08) for the various fatty acids were as follows: Palmitic, C16:0 (0.39 and 0.51 for Landrace and Duroc pigs, respectively); Palmitoleic, C16:1n-7 (0.41 and 0.50); Steric, C18:0 (0.46 and 0.54); Oleic, C18:1n-9 (0.67 and 0.57); Linoleic, C18:2n-6 (0.44 and 0.46); a-linolenic, C18:3n-3 (0.37 and 0.25) and n-6/n-3 ratio (0.06 and 0.01). The other fat quality traits revealed the following heritabilities: fat moisture (0.28 and 0.33), colour values in subcutaneous fat: L* (whiteness; 0.22 and 0.21), a* (redness; 0.13 and 0.24) and b* (yellowness; 0.07 and 0.17) and LMP (0.46 and 0.47). LMP showed high positive genetic correlations to PUFA (C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3), which implies that selecting leaner pigs changes the fatty acid composition and deteriorates the quality of fat. Higher concentrations of PUFA are not beneficial as the ratio of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids becomes unfavourably high. Owing to the high genetic correlation between C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 and a low heritability for this ratio, the latter is difficult to change through selection. However, a small reduction in the ratio should be expected if selection aims at reducing the level of C18:2n-6. Selection for more C18:1n-9 is possible in view of the genetic parameters, which are favourable for eating quality, technological quality and human nutrition. The NIRS technology and the high heritabilities found in this study make it possible to implement fat quality traits to achieve the breeding goal in the selection of a lean pig with better fat quality.

show abstract

“…Clinical studies in humans have established that C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3 exert anti-thrombotic and anti-arrhythmic properties and may reduce cardiovascular disease risk (Simopoulos, 1999;Tapiero et al, 2002;Wijendran and Hayes, 2004). In humans, diet is the major source of C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3 since endogenous synthesis via C18:3n-3 is limited (Williams, 2000;Burdge and Calder, 2005;Williams and Burdge, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of fish oil on ruminal biohydrogenation of C18 unsaturated fatty acids in steers fed grass or red clover silages

Lee

Shingfield

Tweed

et al. 2008

Animal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Red clover and fish oil (FO) are known to alter ruminal lipid biohydrogenation leading to an increase in the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of ruminant-derived foods, respectively. The potential to exploit these beneficial effects were examined using eight Hereford 3 Friesian steers fitted with rumen and duodenal cannulae. Treatments consisted of grass silage or red clover silage fed at 90% of ad libitum intake and FO supplementation at 0, 10, 20 or 30 g/kg diet dry matter (DM). The experiment was conducted with two animals per FO level and treatments formed extraperiod Latin squares. Flows of fatty acids at the duodenum were assessed using ytterbium acetate and chromium ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid as indigestible markers. Intakes of DM were higher (P , 0.001) for red clover silage than grass silage (5.98 v. 5.09 kg/day). There was a linear interaction effect (P 5 0.004) to FO with a reduction in DM intake in steers fed red clover silage supplemented with 30 g FO/kg diet DM. Apparent ruminal biohydrogenation of C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 were lower (P , 0.001) for red clover silage than grass silage (0.83 and 0.79 v. 0.87 and 0.87, respectively), whilst FO increased the extent of biohydrogenation on both diets. Ruminal biohydrogenation of C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3 was extensive on both silage diets, averaging 0.94 and 0.97, respectively. Inclusion of FO in the diet enhanced the flow of total CLA leaving the rumen with an average across silages of 0.22, 0.31, 0.41 and 0.44 g/day for 0, 10, 20 or 30 g FO/kg, respectively, with a linear interaction effect between the two silages (P 5 0.03). FO also showed a dose-dependent increase in the flow of trans-C18:1 intermediates at the duodenum from 4.6 to 15.0 g/day on grass silage and from 9.4 to 22.5 g/day for red clover silage. Concentrations of trans-C18:1 with double bonds from D 4-16 in duodenal digesta were all elevated in response to FO in both diets, with trans-11 being the predominant isomer. FO inhibited the complete biohydrogenation of dietary PUFA on both diets, whilst red clover increased the flow of C18:2n-6 and C18:3n-3 compared with grass silage. In conclusion, supplementing red clover silage-based diets with FO represents a novel nutritional strategy for enhancing the concentrations of beneficial fatty acids in ruminant milk and meat.

show abstract

Essential fatty acids in health and chronic disease

Cited by 1,386 publications

References 80 publications

Impact of growth patterns and early diet on obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in young children from developing countries

Impact of growth patterns and early diet on obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in young children from developing countries

Genetic parameters of fat quality in pigs measured by near-infrared spectroscopy

Effect of fish oil on ruminal biohydrogenation of C18 unsaturated fatty acids in steers fed grass or red clover silages

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About