Essential fatty acids and phospholipase A2 in autistic spectrum disorders

Bell, J. Gordon; Mackinlay, Elizabeth E.; Dick, James R.; MacDonald, Donald J.; Boyle, R.M.; Glen, A.I.M.

doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2004.03.008

Cited by 174 publications

(172 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…140 Another study has reported significant difference in children with autism and normal children in the fatty acid composition of phospholipids, with autistic children having an increased level of most of the saturated fatty acids, except for propionic acid, and a decreased level of polyunsaturated fatty acids. 141 This change in composition of fatty acids can lead to abnormalities in oxidative stress, or cause mitochondrial dysfunction that might play a role in pathogenesis of ASD. 142 Another bacterial genus that has been linked to autism is Desulfovibrio.…”

Section: Emerging Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulatory Effects of Gut Microbiota on the Central Nervous System: How Gut Could Play a Role in Neuropsychiatric Health and Diseases

Yarandi

Peterson

Treisman

et al. 2016

J Neurogastroenterol Motil

220

134

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Gut microbiome is an integral part of the Gut-Brain axis. It is becoming increasingly recognized that the presence of a healthy and diverse gut microbiota is important to normal cognitive and emotional processing. It was known that altered emotional state and chronic stress can change the composition of gut microbiome, but it is becoming more evident that interaction between gut microbiome and central nervous system is bidirectional. Alteration in the composition of the gut microbiome can potentially lead to increased intestinal permeability and impair the function of the intestinal barrier. Subsequently, neuro-active compounds and metabolites can gain access to the areas within the central nervous system that regulate cognition and emotional responses. Deregulated inflammatory response, promoted by harmful microbiota, can activate the vagal system and impact neuropsychological functions. Some bacteria can produce peptides or short chain fatty acids that can affect gene expression and inflammation within the central nervous system. In this review, we summarize the evidence supporting the role of gut microbiota in modulating neuropsychological functions of the central nervous system and exploring the potential underlying mechanisms.

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Section: Emerging Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulatory Effects of Gut Microbiota on the Central Nervous System: How Gut Could Play a Role in Neuropsychiatric Health and Diseases

Yarandi

Peterson

Treisman

et al. 2016

J Neurogastroenterol Motil

220

134

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…There are 3 major types of PLA2 enzymes: the calcium-dependent group IV cytosolic PLA2, the group II secretory PLA2, and the group VI calcium-independent PLA2 (Sun et al, 2004). Elevated levels of PLA2 in red blood cells have been associated with neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, dyslexia, and autism (Horrobin and Bennett, 1999;Bell et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meta-analysis of differentially expressed genes in autism based on gene expression data

GuoJi

et al. 2015

Genet. Mol. Res.

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ABSTRACT. The purpose of this study was to identify differentially expressed (DE) genes and biological processes associated with changes in gene expression in autism. We performed a meta-analysis using new publicly available Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets of autism. We performed Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses and pathway analysis using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Ten GEO datasets, including 364 cases and 248 controls, were available for the meta-analysis. We identified 3105 genes that were consistently DE in autism (1425 upregulated and 1680 downregulated genes). We also found that 7 genes were associated with phospholipase A2 (PLA2), including LYPLA2P1, PLA2G4D, PNPLA2, LYPLA2, PLA2G6, PLA2G7, and PLA2G5. We found GO terms for molecular functions significantly enriched in structural constituent of ribosome (GO: 0003735, P = 1.87-E06) and transcription regulator activity (GO: 0030528, P = 8.86E-04), while for biological processes, the enriched GO terms were involved in translational elongation (GO: 0006414, P = 1.74E-12) and the response to cytokine stimuli (GO: 0034097, P = 2.76E-05). The most significant pathway in our KEGG analysis was the ribosome pathway (P = 7.90E-2147 Meta-analysis of gene expression data in autism ©FUNPEC-RP www.funpecrp.com.br Genetics and Molecular Research 14 (1): 2146-2155 (2015) 12). Our meta-analysis identified genes that were consistently DE and biological pathways associated with gene expression changes in autism.

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“…26 Consequently, some authors have theorized that abnormal levels of specific free fatty acids may be involved in the pathogenesis or symptom burden of ASD. Three prior studies have reported low levels of omega-3 fatty acids in children with ASD compared to controls, [27][28][29] whereas two found no difference. 26,30 Thus far, there have been few consistent findings among prior studies to suggest a particular fatty acid deficiency.…”

Section: Free Fatty Acid Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…If omega-3 fatty acids have a true beneficial effect on hyperactivity, it is also possible that this effect might be mediated through a change in the fatty acid levels in plasma or tissue. Three prior studies have reported low levels of omega-3 fatty acids in children with ASD compared to controls, [27][28][29] while two found no difference. 26,30 To expand on the early evidence suggesting a possible beneficial effect of omega-3 fatty acids in children with ASD, we conducted a larger randomized controlled trial of 27 children who were randomly assigned to twelve weeks of treatment with omega-3 fatty acids or an identical placebo.…”

Section: Inflammatory Markers: Omega-3 Fatty Acidsmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…However, two of the studies found an increase in the ratio of ARA to eicosapentaenoic acid. 26,27 The ARA:eicosapentaenoic acid ratio has been considered to be an "inflammatory index," because ARA produces compounds that lead to inflammatory responses, whereas the compounds derived from eicosapentaenoic acid have the opposite effects. Therefore, these preliminary studies suggest that abnormal fatty acid levels in children with ASD may be associated with increased inflammation.…”

Section: Free Fatty Acid Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improving the Prediction of Response to Therapy in Autism

Bent

Hendren

2010

Neurotherapeutics

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Summary: Autism is a heterogeneous disorder involving complex mechanisms and systems occurring at diverse times. Because an individual child with autism may have only a subset of all possible abnormalities at a specific time, it may be challenging to identify beneficial effects of an intervention in double-blind, randomized, controlled trials, which compare the mean responses to treatments. Beneficial effects in a small subset of children may be obscured by the lack of effect in the majority. We review the evidence for several potential model systems of biochemical abnormalities that may contribute to the etiology of autism, we describe potential biomarkers or treatment targets for each of these abnormalities, and we provide illustrative treatment trials using this methodology. Potential model systems include immune over and under reactivity, inflammation, oxidative stress, free fatty acid metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, and excitotoxicity. Including potential biomarkers and targeted treatments in clinical trials for autism provides a potential method for limiting the heterogeneity of enrolled subjects, which may improve the power of studies to identify beneficial effects of treatments while also improving the understanding of the disease.

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Essential fatty acids and phospholipase A2 in autistic spectrum disorders

Cited by 174 publications

References 11 publications

Modulatory Effects of Gut Microbiota on the Central Nervous System: How Gut Could Play a Role in Neuropsychiatric Health and Diseases

Modulatory Effects of Gut Microbiota on the Central Nervous System: How Gut Could Play a Role in Neuropsychiatric Health and Diseases

Meta-analysis of differentially expressed genes in autism based on gene expression data

Improving the Prediction of Response to Therapy in Autism

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