Essential dextrin structure as donor substrate for 4-α-glucanotransferase in glycogen debranching enzyme

Abstract

Summary Glycogen debranching enzyme is a single polypeptide with distinct catalytic sites for 4-α-glucanotransferase and amylo-α-1,6-glucosidase. To allow phosphorylase to degrade the inner tiers of highly branched glycogen, 4-α-glucanotransferase converts the phosphorylase-limit biantennary branch G-G-G-G-(G-G-G-G↔)G-G- (G: D-glucose, hyphens: α-1,4-linkages; double-headed arrow: α-1,6-linkage) into the G-G-G-G-(G↔)G-G- residue, which is then subjected to amylo-α-1,6-glucosidase to release the remaining G↔ residue. However, while the essential side-chain structure of the 4-α-glucanotransferase donor substrate has been determined to be the G-G-G-G↔ residue (Watanabe, Y., et al. (2008) J. Biochem. 143, 435–440), its essential main-chain structure remains to be investigated. In this study, we probed the 4-α-glucanotransferase donor-binding region using novel fluorogenic dextrins Gm-(G4↔)G-Gn-F (F: 1-deoxy-1-[(2-pyridyl)amino]-D-glucitol) and maltohexaose (G6) as the donor and acceptor substrates, respectively. 4-α-Glucanotransferase exhibited maximum activity toward G4-(G4↔)G-F and G4-(G4↔)G-G-F, indicating that recognition of the G4-(G4↔)G- moiety was essential for full enzyme function. Notably, when the 4-α-glucanotransferase activity toward G4-(G4↔)G-G-F was taken as unity, those toward nonbranching dextrins were <0.001. This indicated that the disproportionation activities toward maltooligosaccharides (Gm) are abnormal behaviors of 4-α-glucanotransferase. Notably, however, these activities have been traditionally measured to identify the 4-α-glucanotransferase mutations causing glycogen storage disease type III. This study provides a basis for more accurate identification.