Essential and Nonessential Trace Elements

Liebscher, Kurt; Smith, Hamilton

doi:10.1080/00039896.1968.10665346

Cited by 180 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…El presente estudio reporta que las personas que han residido en la ciudad de México por más de dos años acumulan en el tracto respiratorio bajo, en especial en el nódulo peribronquial, Al en cantidades muy variables cuyos valores se distribuyen asimétricamente (a derecha) y de manera no normal en lóbulos y nódulo (test A-Darling p<0.005); este comportamiento, ha sido descrito para metales no esenciales para la vida humana, los que al no cumplir con ninguna función biológica se comportan como contaminantes y sus niveles son controlados externamente, de tal manera que su patrón de distribución puede ser similar al de los niveles ambientales, (19) a diferencia del comportamiento de los elementos esenciales que al estar sujetos a un control interno muestran una distribución normal (19,20).…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Aluminio en el Tracto Respiratorio Bajo de Residentes de la Ciudad de México

Manquián-Tejos¹,

Tovar-Gálvez²,

Yáñez-Canal³

2008

Rev. salud pública

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RESUMENObjetivo Se investigó la presencia de aluminio (Al) y de patologías respiratorias en el tracto respiratorio bajo de personas que habían residido en Ciudad de México por un tiempo mínimo de dos años. Métodos Se obtuvo 250 muestras de tejido respiratorio (lóbulos pulmonares, nódulo linfático peribronquial, bronquios e hilio), durante la autopsia médico legal de 36 individuos. Para la cuantificación de Al se utilizó plasma de inducción acoplado (ICP -OES) a la espectrofotometría de absorción atómica previo a lo cual las muestras fueron sometidas a un proceso de secado, trituración y digestión. Resultados Se identificaron 13 diferentes patologías, solo tres de ellas: enfisema pulmonar, bronquitis y antracosis, se correlacionan con la presencia de Al, elemento distribuido en concentraciones muy variables (rango:2,7 a 836,1 microgramos de Al por gramo de tejido seco (ì g Al/g ts). En lóbulos, bronquios e hilio la cantidad de Al encontrada fue mucho menor que la encontrada en nódulos peribronquiales, siendo la diferencia estadísticamente significativa. El análisis multivariado por conglomerados mostró que la muestra estaba conformada por tres clases de individuos, agrupados de acuerdo a la cantidad y distribución del Al en el tracto respiratorio bajo, a la edad, tiempo de residencia en la ciudad de México y presencia de patologías. Conclusión Se postula que el Al encontrado en el tracto respiratorio bajo de residentes de ciudad de México proviene del aire; la cantidad y el patrón de distribución dependen del tiempo y del lugar de residencia y al depositarse puede provocar enfermedades respiratorias.Palabras Clave: Contaminación del aire, material particulado, toxicidad, aluminio (fuente: DeCS, BIREME). ABSTRACTObjective Investigating the presence of aluminium (Al) and respiratory pathologies in the lower respiratory tract of people who had lived in Mexico City for a minimum of two years.

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Section: Discussionunclassified

Aluminio en el Tracto Respiratorio Bajo de Residentes de la Ciudad de México

Manquián-Tejos¹,

Tovar-Gálvez²,

Yáñez-Canal³

2008

Rev. salud pública

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“…Although sample sizes are small (< 16 fish per species), our data support the findings of Giesy & Weiner (1977) that nonessential trace elements are not normally distributed but log normally distributed in organisms . Liebscher & Smith (1968) found As concentrations in humans to be log-normally distributed and suggested that As concentrations were not homeostatically maintained . A constant elimination rate tending toward total elimination of As, rather than elimination to a prescribed concentration would result in a positively skewed distribution .…”

Section: Fishmentioning

confidence: 96%

Arsenic concentrations in water and fish from Chautauqua Lake, New York

et al. 1978

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“…Studies in mice, hamsters and humans have shown that internal As is widely distributed throughout the body without a clear organ preference (Liebscher and Smith 1968;Lindgren et al 1982;Hughes et al 2003). Furthermore it is easily removed from the body by urinary excretion (Vahter and Norin 1980).…”

Section: Age Effects In Reference Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

The European maximum level for cadmium in bovine kidneys is in Belgium only realistic for cattle up to 2 years of age

Waegeneers

Pizzolon

Hoenig

et al. 2009

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

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The effect of animal age on concentrations of cadmium, lead, arsenic, copper and zinc in bovine tissues (meat, kidney and liver) sampled from animals reared in contaminated areas or reference regions in Belgium was investigated. For cadmium concentrations in meat samples analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed an increasing trend with age. In addition, a significant positive linear relation (p 5 0.05) was found between animal age and renal (R 2 ¼ 0.56) or hepatic (R 2 ¼ 0.39) cadmium levels. Lead concentrations in kidneys and liver also increased with age, but the effect was blurred, likely due to the internal remobilization of lead. For the other trace elements (arsenic, copper, zinc) no relationship could be found between their concentration in meat, kidneys or liver and animal age. Renal cadmium concentrations were predicted for bovines at different ages by using the slope of the linear regression equation, and by taking into account its 95% confidence interval. Calculations for 2-year-old animals from reference areas showed that in this group the European maximum level of 1 mg kg À1 for cadmium in kidneys would be exceeded in zero to 5% of cases. If a general rejection percentage of maximum 5% would be desirable for kidneys sampled in the reference areas (according to the ALARA principle -'as low as reasonably achievable' -of European Union policy), then (1) kidneys from animals older than 2 years from the reference areas should a priori not be considered suitable to be placed on the market, or (2) the maximum level for cadmium in kidneys should be increased to 3 mg kg À1 . The latter would bear negligible risks for the general population and the majority of high-level kidney consumers. On the other hand, bovine kidneys from the most contaminated areas are not suitable to be brought into the food chain because it is predicted that the maximum level is already exceeded by more than 5% of the 1-year-old animals.

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Essential and Nonessential Trace Elements

Cited by 180 publications

References 9 publications

Aluminio en el Tracto Respiratorio Bajo de Residentes de la Ciudad de México

Aluminio en el Tracto Respiratorio Bajo de Residentes de la Ciudad de México

Arsenic concentrations in water and fish from Chautauqua Lake, New York

The European maximum level for cadmium in bovine kidneys is in Belgium only realistic for cattle up to 2 years of age

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