Esophageal, Tympanic, Rectal, and Skin Temperatures in Children Undergoing Surgery With General Anesthesia

Eyelade, Olayinka R; Orimadegun, Adebola E.; Akinyemi, O. O.; Tongo, Olukemi O.; Akinyinka, O. O.

doi:10.1016/j.jopan.2011.03.009

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Our supportive findings in favor of temporal artery scan as second best confirms earlier observations in cohorts reported by Reynolds et al, 16 Batra et al, 7 Eyelade et al, 9 and Bahorski et al 17 in 52, 100, 36, and 47 children, respectively. In essence, Reynolds et al 16 concluded that mean (SD) temporal artery scan measurement (−0.46°C [0.5°C]), but not axillary (−0.93°C [0.49°C]) was sufficiently accurate when compared with rectal measurement in a cohort of 52 children 16 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…In the Batra study, 7 sensitivity and specificity for a rectal temperature above 38°C were 98% and 98% or 80% and 98% for tympanic scan and temporal artery scan thermometer measurement, respectively 7 . Eyelade et al 9 confirmed the same Bland-Altman pattern in 36 pediatric patients during general anesthesia: higher in the setting of low temperature and lower in the setting of high temperature before and during (30 and 60 minutes) anesthesia and mean differences of 0.29°C, 0.29°C, and 0.31°C when compared with rectal measurements 9 . Finally, Bahorski et al 17 reported on differences in rectal measurement versus temporal artery scan method in 47 pediatric patients and described a good correlation (0.86) and no significant difference between both measurements.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…We a priori decided not to include axillary temperature measurement because there was already meta-analytical evidence on the differences when compared with rectal measurement 5 . Secondly, the overall number of patients—although quite high when compared with other reported cohorts—could have been higher, or additional recruitment of cases with either fever (38°C) 16 or hypothermia 9 likely is of benefit to draw additional or firmer conclusions. Finally, the study design aimed to reflect a real-life assessment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tympanic, Infrared Skin, and Temporal Artery Scan Thermometers Compared with Rectal Measurement in Children: A Real-Life Assessment

Allegaert

Casteels

Gorp

et al. 2014

Current Therapeutic Research

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IntroductionBody temperature measurement in children is of clinical relevance. Although rectal measurement is the gold standard, less invasive tools have become available. We aimed to describe the accuracy of tympanic, infrared skin, or temporal artery scan thermometers compared with rectal measurement to reflect core temperature.MethodsRectal (Filac 3000; Covidien, Mechelen, Belgium), tympanic (AccuSystem Genius2 Typmanic Infrared Ear Thermometer, Covidien, Mechelen, Belgium), temporal artery scan (Exergen, Exergen Corp, Watertown, Massachusetts), and infrared (ThermoFlash Contactless Medical Electronic Thermometer, Visiomedlab, Paris, France) body temperature measurements were randomly performed and readings were collected once. Temperature readings were described as median and range, and observations were compared with rectal temperature readings (using Wilcoxon, Bland-Altman, sensitivity, and specificity tests). The child’s comfort was assessed by the child, parent, and nurse (using Likert scales) and ease of use was assessed by nurses (using visual analog scale).ResultsBased on observations in 294 (median age = 3.2 years, range = 0.02–17 years) children, the mean difference was 0.49°C (tympanic scan; P < 0.0001), 0.34°C (infrared skin scan; P < 0.0001), and 0°C (temporal artery scan; P = 0.9288), respectively, when compared with rectal temperature readings. Based on visual inspection of Bland-Altman plots, all tools overestimated the temperature at lower body temperature and underestimated the temperature at higher body temperature, resulting in a sensitivity of 22% to 41% and a specificity of 98% to 100% for rectal temperatures above 38°C. The Likert scale scores and the visual analog scale scores for rectal measurement were only slightly higher when compared with the other methods.ConclusionsAll noninvasive techniques underperformed compared with rectal measurement. The temporal artery scan deviations were smallest, but all noninvasive techniques overestimate lower temperatures and underestimate higher temperatures compared with rectal measurement. In our hands, temporal artery scan measurement seems to be second best, but not yet ideal.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Tympanic, Infrared Skin, and Temporal Artery Scan Thermometers Compared with Rectal Measurement in Children: A Real-Life Assessment

Allegaert

Casteels

Gorp

et al. 2014

Current Therapeutic Research

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“…In addition, it is known that the administration of general anesthesia will lower CBT [1, 9]. An interesting time window, when general anesthesia is removed during the experiment, is available for scrutiny into the relative responsiveness of the CBT candidates following a change in CBT due to the influence of general anesthesia.…”

Section: Exploration Focal Pointsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Apart from the pulmonary artery, the esophagus and rectum are other sites to measure CBT [6–9]. The esophagus site requires rather invasive process to access, while the rectum site is rather inconvenient in term of its accessibility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Re-visiting the tympanic membrane vicinity as core body temperature measurement site

et al. 2017

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Core body temperature (CBT) is an important and commonly used indicator of human health and endurance performance. A rise in baseline CBT can be attributed to an onset of flu, infection or even thermoregulatory failure when it becomes excessive. Sites which have been used for measurement of CBT include the pulmonary artery, the esophagus, the rectum and the tympanic membrane. Among them, the tympanic membrane is an attractive measurement site for CBT due to its unobtrusive nature and ease of measurement facilitated, especially when continuous CBT measurements are needed for monitoring such as during military, occupational and sporting settings. However, to-date, there are still polarizing views on the suitability of tympanic membrane as a CBT site. This paper will revisit a number of key unresolved issues in the literature and also presents, for the first time, a benchmark of the middle ear temperature against temperature measurements from other sites. Results from experiments carried out on human and primate subjects will be presented to draw a fresh set of insights against the backdrop of hypotheses and controversies.

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Preventing Unplanned Perioperative Hypothermia in Children

Beedle¹,

Phillips²,

Wiggins³

et al. 2017

AORN Journal

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Unplanned perioperative hypothermia is a common surgical risk. Unplanned hypothermia is defined as a body temperature below 36° C (96.8° F) during any phase of the perioperative period. Perioperative nurses at a Midwestern tertiary pediatric hospital developed an evidence-based clinical practice guideline (CPG) designed to maintain normothermia for the pediatric surgical population. This CPG outlined standard thermoregulation nursing interventions and required the consistent use of a temporal artery thermometer. A test of this CPG before full implementation established a baseline incidence of unplanned hypothermia at 16.3% (n = 80). The purpose of this study was to measure the rate of perioperative hypothermia in children after implementing the evidence-based CPG. The study results demonstrated that the CPG, guiding research-based nursing practice, consistently prevented unplanned hypothermia. The incidence rate of unplanned perioperative hypothermia after CPG implementation was 1.84% (n = 1,196).

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Esophageal, Tympanic, Rectal, and Skin Temperatures in Children Undergoing Surgery With General Anesthesia

Cited by 15 publications

References 18 publications

Tympanic, Infrared Skin, and Temporal Artery Scan Thermometers Compared with Rectal Measurement in Children: A Real-Life Assessment

Tympanic, Infrared Skin, and Temporal Artery Scan Thermometers Compared with Rectal Measurement in Children: A Real-Life Assessment

Re-visiting the tympanic membrane vicinity as core body temperature measurement site

Preventing Unplanned Perioperative Hypothermia in Children

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