Esophageal microflora in esophageal diseases

Abstract

With the development of endoscopic technology, an increasing number of patients with esophageal disease are being diagnosed, although the underlying pathogenesis of many esophageal diseases remains unclear. In recent years, a large number of studies have demonstrated that the occurrence and development of various intestinal diseases were related to intestinal flora. As a result, researchers have shifted their focus towards investigating esophageal flora to better understand the pathogenesis, early diagnosis, and treatment of esophageal diseases. This paper reviewed the normal esophageal flora and the changes of esophageal flora under different esophageal disease states. It was observed that there are distinct differences in the composition of esophageal microflora among Gastroesophageal Reflux, Barrett’s esophagus, eosinophilic esophagitis and normal esophagus. The normal esophageal flora was dominated by gram-positive bacteria, particularly Streptococcus, while the esophageal flora under esophagitis was dominated by gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, the diversity of esophageal flora is significantly decreased in patients with esophageal cancer. Several potential microbial biomarkers for esophageal cancer have been identified, among which Fusobacterium nucleatum showed a close association with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma’s pathological stage and clinical stage.

Multiomics analysis reveals gut profiles in patients with different brain tumors

“…The sequencing data of the HCs were consistent with those in previous studies [34]. As mentioned above, dramatic disturbances in gram-positive bacteria/gram-negative bacteria can lead to disease [13,20]. Moreover, research suggests that gramnegative bacteria exert their pathogenicity in situ by disrupting the intestinal barrier through activating Toll-like receptors (TLRs), especially TLR4, and downstream signalling pathways such as MYD88/NF-κB in the intestinal epithelium.…”

“…Numerous studies have indicated that alterations in the proportion of gram-positive bacteria or gramnegative bacteria may be associated with a variety of diseases [13,20]. In this study, taxonomic analyses based on the Gram-staining characteristics of the bacteria showed that the proportion of gram-negative bacteria increased signi cantly across all disease groups, while the presence of gram-positive microbes decreased signi cantly (MEG vs. HCs: p = 0.016; glioma vs. HCs: p = 0.044; BM vs. HCs: p = 0.020) (Supplemental Fig.…”

Resident Esophageal Microbiota Dysbiosis Correlates with Cancer Risk in Barrett’s Esophagus Patients and Is Linked to Low Adherence to WCRF/AICR Lifestyle Recommendations

“…The low intake of fibers was also associated with an increase in Gram-negative species, which can be found in esophageal cancer precursor lesions [22,28]. Overall, the microbiota of the normal esophagus is mainly composed of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteriodetes, Actinobacteria, and Fusobacteria [30]. In…”

Investigating the causal relationship of gut microbiota with GERD and BE: a bidirectional mendelian randomization

“…Malfunctions of GM can initiate a spectrum of illnesses, including metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, immune diseases, mental disorders, and various types of cancers [ 13 ]. In recent years, research has suggested that GM played an important role in the occurrence and progression of GERD and BE [ 14 , 15 ]. For instance, Zou et al [ 14 ] indicated that Gram-positive(G+) bacteria were prevalent in the normal esophagus, with Firmicutes and Streptococcus as the most common.…”

“…In recent years, research has suggested that GM played an important role in the occurrence and progression of GERD and BE [ 14 , 15 ]. For instance, Zou et al [ 14 ] indicated that Gram-positive(G+) bacteria were prevalent in the normal esophagus, with Firmicutes and Streptococcus as the most common. On the contrary, Gram-negative(G-) bacteria took precedence in individuals with GERD/BE, and the abundance of Streptococcus decreased.…”