Esophageal Cancer in the Transkei: 1955–69
            2

Rose, Elizabeth F.

doi:10.1093/jnci/51.1.7

Cited by 61 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…The corresponding incidence data for Centane for 1996-2000 were 44.8 and 32.6 per 100 000 for males and females, respectively. These data can be compared with data from 1955 to 1959, in which male and female incidence rates were 2.6 and 1.8 per 100 000 in Bizana and 54.2 and 30.3 per 100 000 in Centane (Rose 1973). Thus, rates in Centane have remained consistently high, whereas rates in Bizana have been steadily increasing.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure assessment for fumonisins in the former Transkei region of South Africa

Shephard

Marasas

Burger

et al. 2007

Food Additives and Contaminants

120

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The fumonisins are mycotoxins produced mainly by Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum in maize, the predominant cereal staple for subsistence farming communities in southern Africa. In order to assess exposure to these mycotoxins in the Bizana (now known as Mbizana) and Centane magisterial areas of the former Transkei region of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, the actual maize consumption by different age groups in these communities was measured. In the groups 1-9 years (n = 215) and 10-17 (n = 240) years, mean consumption (+/-standard error) was 246 +/- 10.8 and 368 +/- 10.3 g per person day(-1), respectively, with no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the magisterial areas. For adults (18-65 years) mean maize consumption in Bizana (n = 229) and Centane (n = 178) were significantly different (p < 0.05) at 379 +/- 10.5 and 456 +/- 11.9 g per person day(-1), respectively. An exposure assessment was performed by combining the maize consumption distribution with previously determined levels of total fumonisin (fumonisins B(1) and B(2) combined) contamination in home-grown maize in these two areas. Assuming an individual adult body weight of 60 kg, fumonisin exposure in Bizana, an area of relatively low oesophageal cancer incidence, was 3.43 +/- 0.15 microg kg(-1) body weight day(-1), which was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than that in Centane (8.67 +/- 0.18 microg kg(-1) body weight day(-1)), an area of high oesophageal cancer incidence. Mean fumonisin exposures in all age groups in both Bizana and Centane were above the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) of 2 microg kg(-1) body weight day(-1) set by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure assessment for fumonisins in the former Transkei region of South Africa

Shephard

Marasas

Burger

et al. 2007

Food Additives and Contaminants

120

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“…Rose, 35 using the Bantu Cancer Registry, reported that the Lusikisiki and Bizana districts in northeast Transkei had lower incidence rates (8/100 000 and 3/100 000, respectively) than the southwestern districts, of Butterworth and Centane, which had incidences of 103/100 000 and 54/100 000, respectively. 35 The earlier studies that associated HPV with 30% of cases of oesophageal cancer in South Africa used immuno -histochemistry. 20 Subsequent studies have reported prevalence rates ranging between 17% and 71%, 3 28 29 32 supporting the notion that HPV infection may be an integral part of a multistep process leading to oesophageal cancer in high risk areas.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human papillomavirus associated with oesophageal cancer

Matsha

Erasmus²,

Kafuko³

et al. 2002

Journal of Clinical Pathology

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Aim: To study the prevalence and the different types of human papillomavirus (HPV) in patients with oesophageal cancer from a high risk area of South Africa (Transkei). Methods: DNA samples from 50 paraffin wax embedded tissue sections were analysed by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the degenerate HPV L1 consensus primer pairs MY09/MY11 and GP5+/GP6+. Positive PCR samples were subjected to DNA sequence analysis. Results: HPV DNA was detected in 23 of the 50 samples. Sequence analysis revealed that most patients (11) harboured DNA to HPV type 11, whereas other types included DNA HPV type 39 (seven patients), type 16 (two patients), and type 52 (one patient). HPV type 39 has not previously been shown to be associated with oesophageal cancer. In contrast to earlier studies that have found HPV type 16 to be more frequently associated with oesophageal cancer, HPV type 11 was the predominant subtype in this study. Conclusions:The high frequency of occurrence of HPV in oesophageal tumours (23 of 50 patients; 46%) implicates HPV as one of the possible aetiological factors in this disease. The finding that the low risk HPV subtypes predominate indicates that transformation may be effected via the E6 and E7 proteins.

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“…Therefore, an investigation of the disease in different locales is necessary to fully elucidate the mechanism of the disease pathogenesis. High incidences of esophageal cancer have been noted in certain parts of China, Iran, Iraq, South America, France, Italy, and East and Southern Africa [4][5][6]. In South Africa, the Eastern Cape Province and Transkei region is recognized as being the second highest risk area for esophageal cancer in the world after the Hunan Province in China, with age standardized incidence rates of 50 per 100 000 population [7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%