ESEN : a comparison of vaccination programmes Part one: diphtheria

Lévy-Brühl, Daniel; Pebody, Richard; Veldhuijzen, Irene; Valenciano, Marta; Osborne, K

doi:10.2807/esm.03.10.00087-en

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The seroprofile shows very low levels of susceptibility in all age groups over the age of one year (Fig. 2), reflecting the relatively long history of rubella vaccination in Finland with high levels of coverage [14,15]. For the older age groups (more than 35 years), seropositivity largely corresponds to naturally acquired infection from the pre-vaccination era.…”

Section: Finlandmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The seroepidemiology of rubella in western Europe

Pebody¹,

Edmunds²,

Spaendonck

et al. 2000

Epidemiol. Infect.

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Most of the countries in western Europe have now implemented mass infant rubella immunization programmes, instead of or in addition to selective vaccination in order to achieve the elimination of congenital rubella syndrome. The European countries Denmark, England and Wales, Finland, France, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands undertook large, national serological surveys collecting several thousand serum specimens during 1994-8. Antibodies against rubella virus were detected by a variety of enzyme immuno-assays. Comparability of the assay results was achieved by a standardized methodology. The age- and sex-stratified serological results were related to the schedules, coverage of rubella vaccination and the incidence in these countries. The results show widely differing levels of immunity to rubella both in the general population and in the specific age groups of males and females. A low rate (< 5%) of susceptibles in childhood and adolescents of both sexes was obtained only in Finland and the Netherlands. Countries such as Italy with only moderate coverage for the infant immunization programme currently have both high susceptibility levels in the general population and in the at-risk population. The likelihood is of continued epidemics of rubella with cases of congenital rubella syndrome. The continued implementation of selective vaccination will help to offset the impact of this ongoing transmission and to protect women on reaching childbearing age.

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Section: Finlandmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As part of the project, a questionnaire was completed by each participating country on country-specific information on rubella vaccine programme structure, historical vaccine coverage and reported incidence of rubella infection and cases of CRS (see also [14]).…”

Section: Vaccine Programme Structure and Coveragementioning

confidence: 99%

The seroepidemiology of rubella in western Europe

Pebody¹,

Edmunds²,

Spaendonck

et al. 2000

Epidemiol. Infect.

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“…A study in Denmark suggested that long-term protection may be assured by a booster dose of Td vaccine administered 20 years after primary immunization [33]. In 1989-1990, on the basis of serosurveys indicating low antibody levels in persons 140 years of age [29], Finland initiated a mass vaccination campaign targeted at adults.…”

Section: Need For Maintenance Of Immunity Against Diphtheria Among Olmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Td vaccine is recommended in adults in NIS countries and in Bulgaria (at 25 and 35 years of age) [32]. Several European countries have added extra doses of diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccines in their school-based immunization programs and for travelers [29]. A study in Denmark suggested that long-term protection may be assured by a booster dose of Td vaccine administered 20 years after primary immunization [33].…”

Section: Need For Maintenance Of Immunity Against Diphtheria Among Olmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many countries recommend life-long immunization of adults with booster doses of diphtheria toxoid-containing vaccine at intervals of 10-20 years. A routine booster dose of Td vaccine is recommended every 10 years in many countries, including Australia [27], Canada [28], Germany [29], Italy [29], Austria [30], and the United States [31]. Td vaccine is recommended in adults in NIS countries and in Bulgaria (at 25 and 35 years of age) [32].…”

Section: Need For Maintenance Of Immunity Against Diphtheria Among Olmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Implications of the Diphtheria Epidemic in the Former Soviet Union for Immunization Programs

Gałazka¹

2000

J INFECT DIS

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The massive diphtheria epidemic in the former Soviet Union provides important lessons for all diphtheria immunization programs: It is important to achieve a high level of childhood immunization, maintain immunity against diphtheria in older age groups, and use anti-epidemic measures, including immunization, to control epidemics in the early phase. The immunization coverage among children should be at least 90%. Further studies are needed to elaborate the most effective strategy to maintain immunity against diphtheria in adults (periodic booster doses, immunization of selected age groups in health care settings, use of Td [tetanus-diphtheria toxoids with reduced diphtheria toxoid content] vaccine instead of monovalent tetanus toxoid whenever tetanus toxoid is indicated [e.g., in treatment of wounds or in school-based immunization programs]). Efforts should be undertaken to monitor diphtheria immunity in different groups by conducting age-specific serologic studies.

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