ESEN : a comparison of vaccination programmes Part two : pertussis

Lévy-Brühl, Daniel; Pebody, Richard; Osborne, K; Veldhuijzen, Irene; Valenciano, Marta

doi:10.2807/esm.03.11.00086-en

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Interestingly, this cellular response was typically Th1 (28,29). In adults with no record of pertussis, we have recently found that 80 to 100% of individuals tested were CMI ϩ to B. pertussis antigens, including PT (5,27), a percentage hardly attributable to the coverage level of pertussis vaccination in Italy (17,27). The cytokine profile induced in purified T cells by B. pertussis antigens was essentially Th1 (5).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Cell-Mediated Immune Responses in Four-Year-Old Children after Primary Immunization with Acellular Pertussis Vaccines

Ausiello¹,

Lande²,

Urbani³

et al. 1999

Infect Immun

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Cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses to Bordetella pertussis antigens (pertussis toxin [PT], pertactin [PRN], and filamentous hemagglutinin [FHA]) were assessed in 48-month-old recipients of acellular pertussis [aP] vaccines (either from Chiron-Biocine [aP-CB] or from SmithKline Beecham [aP-SB]) and compared to CMI responses to the same antigens at 7 months of age, i.e., 1 month after completion of the primary immunization cycle. None of the children enrolled in this study received any booster of pertussis vaccines or was affected by pertussis during the whole follow-up period. Overall, around 75% of 4-year-old children showed a CMI-positive response to at least one B. pertussis antigen, independently of the type of aP vaccine received, and the proportion of CMI responders were at least equal at 48 and 7 months of age. However, longitudinal examination of individual responses showed that from 20 (against PT) to 37% (against FHA) of CMI responders after primary immunization became negative at 48 months of age. This loss was more than compensated for by conversion to positive CMI responses, ranging from 36% against FHA to 69% against PRN, in other children who were CMI negative at 7 months of age. In 60 to 80% of these CMI converters, a lack of decline or even marked elevation of antibody (Ab) titers against B. pertussis antigens also occurred between 20 and 48 months of age. In particular, the frequency of seropositivity to PRN and FHA (but not to PT) was roughly three times higher in CMI converters than in nonconverters. The acquisition of CMI response toB. pertussis antigens in 48-month-old children was not associated with a greater frequency of coughing episodes lasting ≥7 days and was characterized by a prevalent type 1 cytokine profile, with high gamma interferon and low or no production of interleukin-5, reminiscent of cytokine patterns following immunization with whole-cell pertussis vaccine or natural infection. Our data imply that vaccination-induced systemic CMI may wane by 4 years of age but may be acquired or naturally boosted by symptomless or minor clinical infection by B. pertussis. This might explain, at least in part, the persistence of protection against typical pertussis in aP vaccine recipients despite a substantial waning of both Ab and CMI responses induced by the primary immunization.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Cell-Mediated Immune Responses in Four-Year-Old Children after Primary Immunization with Acellular Pertussis Vaccines

Ausiello¹,

Lande²,

Urbani³

et al. 1999

Infect Immun

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“…Since then, no evidence of major nationwide outbreaks of pertussis has been observed. In 1995 and 1996, 63% of cases were isolated from teenagers [84]. Analysis of the Finnish isolates revealed that all strains isolated between 1953 and 1964 contained ptxS1B.…”

Section: Finlandmentioning

confidence: 97%

Are vaccination programs and isolate polymorphism linked to pertussis re-emergence?

Godfroid¹,

Denoël²,

Poolman³

2005

Expert Review of Vaccines

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Whooping cough remains an endemic disease, and the re-emergence of pertussis in older children and adolescents has been reported in several countries, despite high vaccine coverage. Polymorphism of Bordetella pertussis has been observed over time, and some characteristics of pertussis isolates have gradually diverged from the vaccine strains. The present review summarizes the current knowledge on B. pertussis variability in countries with different vaccination programs and discusses its potential impact on the recently observed increased incidence of whooping cough. No direct association between B. pertussis isolate variability and vaccination programs has been observed to date, except for shifts from fimbriae Fim2 to Fim3. More likely explanations for the re-emergence of pertussis include the change in the epidemiology and transmission patterns of pertussis in highly vaccinated populations, and a shift of disease from young children to adolescents and adults due to waning protective immunity.

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“…Surveillance practice including pertussis case definitions, historical vaccine coverage and the number of pertussis cases reported by age group were collected. Some results have previously been reported [10]. Countries were divided into two groups [' high coverage ' (>90%) and 'low coverage ' (<90 %)] based on mean reported coverage in the 15-20 years prior to the serosurvey.…”

Section: Vaccine Programme History and Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…the United Kingdom) [8]. These events stimulated the development of acellular vaccines, specific subcomponents of the bacterium with a better side-effect profile [9], that several countries have now introduced [10,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The seroepidemiology of Bordetella pertussis infection in Western Europe

Pebody¹,

GAY²,

et al. 2004

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SUMMARYHigh titres of pertussis toxin (PT) antibody have been shown to be predictive of recent infection with Bordetella pertussis. The seroprevalence of standardized anti-PT antibody was determined in six Western European countries between 1994 and 1998 and related to historical surveillance and vaccine programme data. Standardized anti-PT titres were calculated for a series of whole-cell and acellular pertussis vaccine trials. For the serological surveys, high-titre sera (>125 units/ml) were distributed throughout all age groups in both high-(>90 %) and low-coverage (<90 %) countries. High-titre sera were more likely in infants in countries using high-titre-producing vaccines in their primary programme (Italy, 11 . 5% ; Western Germany, 13 . 3 % ; France, 4 . 3% ; Eastern Germany, 4 . 0%) compared to other countries (The Netherlands, 0 . 5 %; Finland, 0 %). Recent infection was significantly more likely in adolescents (10-19 years old) and adults in high-coverage countries (Finland, The Netherlands, France, East Germany), whereas infection was more likely in children (3-9 years old) than adolescents in low-coverage (<90% ; Italy, West Germany, United Kingdom) countries. The impact and role of programmatic changes introduced after these surveys aimed at protecting infants from severe disease by accelerating the primary schedule or vaccinating older children and adolescents with booster doses can be evaluated with this approach.

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ESEN : a comparison of vaccination programmes Part two : pertussis

Abstract: This article is the second of a series of three, which compare vaccination programmes, immunisation schedules, vaccine coverage, and the epidemiological impact of vaccination for diphtheria, pertussis, measles, mumps, and rubella in eight countries (Denma

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Cell-Mediated Immune Responses in Four-Year-Old Children after Primary Immunization with Acellular Pertussis Vaccines

Cell-Mediated Immune Responses in Four-Year-Old Children after Primary Immunization with Acellular Pertussis Vaccines

Are vaccination programs and isolate polymorphism linked to pertussis re-emergence?

The seroepidemiology of Bordetella pertussis infection in Western Europe

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