“…Things began to change thereafter. The reality that unfolded since then spanned the entire spectrum from almost unrestricted openness in Singapore, through moderated openness in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Turkey, or calibrated also discuss the role of the state-see Lin (2018), Basu (2018), Timmer (2018), Tarp (2018), Wade (2018), Montes (2018), and Osmani (2018). 27 See Amsden (2001), Evans (1995), Lall (1997), Nayyar (2013), Shapiro and Taylor (1990), and Stiglitz (1989).…”