Escape responses in juvenile Atlantic cod <i>Gadus morhua</i> L.: the effects of turbidity and predator speed

Meager, Justin J.; Domenici, Paolo; Shingles, A.; Utne‐Palm, Anne Christine

doi:10.1242/jeb.02489

Cited by 78 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Domenici and Blake (Domenici and Blake, 1993) and Domenici and Batty (Domenici and Batty, 1997) found that mechanically stimulated single fish (herring Clupea harengus and angelfish Pterophyllum eimekei, respectively) tend to escape with peaks of ET 0 s at approximately 130 and 180deg (Fig.8A,E), which suggests that these two trajectories may correspond to either keeping the stimulus within the sensory discriminating zone or maximizing distance from the threat, respectively. Work using visual stimulation of fish shows a similar range of ET 0 s (Meager et al, 2006). Preferred ETs in a similar range to that found by Domenici and Blake (Domenici and Blake, 1993) are apparent in reanalysis of previous data sets (Eaton and Emberley, 1991;Walker et al, 2005) (Fig.8F,G, respectively).…”

Section: Fishsupporting

confidence: 81%

Animal escapology II: escape trajectory case studies

Domenici¹,

Blagburn

Bacon

2011

Journal of Experimental Biology

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132

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Summary Escape trajectories (ETs; measured as the angle relative to the direction of the threat) have been studied in many taxa using a variety of methodologies and definitions. Here, we provide a review of methodological issues followed by a survey of ET studies across animal taxa, including insects, crustaceans, molluscs, lizards, fish, amphibians, birds and mammals. Variability in ETs is examined in terms of ecological significance and morpho-physiological constraints. The survey shows that certain escape strategies (single ETs and highly variable ETs within a limited angular sector) are found in most taxa reviewed here, suggesting that at least some of these ET distributions are the result of convergent evolution. High variability in ETs is found to be associated with multiple preferred trajectories in species from all taxa, and is suggested to provide unpredictability in the escape response. Random ETs are relatively rare and may be related to constraints in the manoeuvrability of the prey. Similarly, reports of the effect of refuges in the immediate environment are relatively uncommon, and mainly confined to lizards and mammals. This may be related to the fact that work on ETs carried out in laboratory settings has rarely provided shelters. Although there are a relatively large number of examples in the literature that suggest trends in the distribution of ETs, our understanding of animal escape strategies would benefit from a standardization of the analytical approach in the study of ETs, using circular statistics and related tests, in addition to the generation of large data sets.

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Section: Fishsupporting

confidence: 81%

Animal escapology II: escape trajectory case studies

Domenici¹,

Blagburn

Bacon

2011

Journal of Experimental Biology

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132

151

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“…A fish that does not respond to an attack will most likely be eaten. Fuiman et al (2006) showed that responsiveness was the main factor affecting the vulnerability of red drum larvae, as it accounted for 86% of the variation in Meager et al (2006) Arrows indicate when the relationship implies an increase (m), a decrease(k), or no effect (2) on the escape component tested.…”

Section: Responsivenessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Context‐dependent variability in the components of fish escape response: integrating locomotor performance and behavior

2010

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Escape responses are used by most fish species in order to avoid predation. Escape responses include a number of behavioral and kinematic components, such as responsiveness, reaction distance, escape latency, directionality, and distance-derived performance. All of these components can contribute to escape success. Work on the context-dependent variability has focused on reaction distance, and suggests that this component is largely determined by the relative cost and benefits of escaping (economic hypothesis). For example, reaction distance was found to depend on many factors related to perceived risk and cost of escaping, such as the attack speed and size of the predators, the proximity to refuges, and engagement in other activities (e.g., feeding). Evidence from many behavioral, kinematic, and physiological studies suggest that performance in other components of the escape response is also not always maximized. For example, escape latencies may increase in the presence of schooling neighbors, and escape speed is higher in fish that have been subject to higher predation pressure. In addition, all escape components are further modulated by the effect of environmental factors. Variability in escape components can be interpreted by using both ultimate and proximate explanations, for example, the effect of stimulus strength on escape latency can be interpreted as the triggering neural threshold varying with stimulus strength (proximate explanation) and high intensity stimuli representing higher risk to the prey (ultimate explanation). An integrative approach is suggested for a full, ecologically relevant, assessment of escape performance in fish.

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“…D 30 : the distance between the CM of the fish at the frame before the first visible response and 30 ms later (30 ms was chosen as a fixed time occurring during stage 2 in all individuals) (Meager et al, 2006).…”

Section: Definition Of Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparing for escape: anti-predator posture and fast-start performance in gobies

Turesson

Satta

Domenici

2009

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYThe adoption of postures as a response to threats is often interpreted in terms of predator detection or signalling (e.g. vigilance and defence display). The possibility that an alternative or additional function of anti-predator postures might be to enhance the subsequent escape has been largely unexplored. Here, we use black goby (Gobius niger) to test the hypothesis that a postural curvature caused by a bending response (i.e. a slow muscle contraction which bends the body with no forward displacement) induced by a weak stimulus (WS) may affect escape responses. Three experiments were carried out. (1) Control and WSstimulated fish were startled using lateral mechanical stimuli, to test whether the orientation of the postural C-bend affected escape direction and performance. Postural curvature was defined as positive when escapes were towards the convex side of the postural C-shape, and negative when they were towards the concave side. Locomotor performance increased with postural curvature, although fish showed a preference for escaping away from the stimulus regardless of postural curvature. (2) Control and WS-stimulated fish were startled from above, hence minimising the directionality of the threat on the horizontal plane. WSstimulated fish showed a bias towards escaping from a positive curvature, thereby enhancing their locomotor performance. (3) Field observations with stimuli coming from above showed that gobies escape most often towards the convex side of the postural C-shape. By escaping from positively curved postures, most of the initial tailsweep is directed backwards and may provide more thrust than when starting from straight or negatively curved postures. Hence, the anti-predator posture adopted by alerted benthic fishes may 'prepare' them for their subsequent escape response because it conveys an advantage when they are attacked from above (a likely occurrence), although when gobies are stimulated horizontally, escape direction may be favoured over high locomotor performance when the two trade off.

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Escape responses in juvenile Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L.: the effects of turbidity and predator speed

Cited by 78 publications

References 56 publications

Animal escapology II: escape trajectory case studies

Animal escapology II: escape trajectory case studies

Context‐dependent variability in the components of fish escape response: integrating locomotor performance and behavior

Preparing for escape: anti-predator posture and fast-start performance in gobies

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