Escape from parasitoids leave larvae vulnerable to predators and has unexpected outcomes for pest suppression

Paull, Cate; Schellhorn, Nancy A.; HilleRisLambers, Reinier; Austin, Andrew D.

doi:10.1016/j.baae.2012.08.003

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Our results also indicate that the plant species affect the defensive behavior of the host ( Fig 8 ), and therefore indirectly affect the foraging efficiency of parasitoids ( Fig 9 ). Host larvae falling from plants may be at a higher risk of encountering other predators or parasitoids [ 51 ]. Because of this, plant species that facilitate escaping behavior in the field may not support large numbers of parasitoids.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host Plants Affect the Foraging Success of Two Parasitoids that Attack Light Brown Apple Moth Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

et al. 2015

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The light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana is a key pest of wine grapes in Australia. Two parasitoids, Dolichogenidea tasmanica and Therophilus unimaculatus, attack the larval stage of this pest. D. tasmanica is dominant in vineyards, whereas T. unimaculatus is mainly active in native vegetation. We sought to understand why they differ in their use of habitats. Plants are a major component of habitats of parasitoids, and herbivore-infested plants influence parasitoid foraging efficiency by their architecture and emission of volatile chemicals. We investigated how different plant species infested by E. postvittana could affect the foraging success of the two parasitoid species in both laboratory and field experiments. Four common host-plant species were selected for this study. In paired-choice experiments to determine the innate foraging preferences for plants, both parasitoid species showed differences in innate search preferences among plant species. The plant preference of D. tasmanica was altered by oviposition experience with hosts that were feeding on other plant species. In a behavioral assay, the two parasitoid species allocated their times engaged in various types of behavior differently when foraging on different plant species. For both parasitoids, parasitism on Hardenbergia violacea was the highest of the four plant species. Significantly more larvae dropped from Myoporum insulare when attacked than from the other three host-plant species, which indicates that parasitism is also affected by interactions between plants and host insects. In vineyards, parasitism by D. tasmanica was significantly lower on M. insulare than on the other three host-plant species, but the parasitism rates were similar among the other three plant species. Our results indicate that plants play a role in the habitat preferences of these two parasitoid species by influencing their foraging behavior, and are likely to contribute to their distributions among habitats.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host Plants Affect the Foraging Success of Two Parasitoids that Attack Light Brown Apple Moth Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

et al. 2015

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“…However, risk effects produced by parasitoids have been studied less extensively (Culshaw‐Maurer et al, 2020), and, as far as we know, no studies so far have shown positive effects for biological control, enhanced through behavioural escape responses of the pest to a parasitoid. Previous studies did not verify enhanced pest suppression when a predator and a parasitoid or two parasitoids were combined, despite the increased induced prey exposure (Bilu & Coll, 2007; Paull et al, 2012; Rocca & Messelink, 2016; La‐Spina et al, 2019). Other studies have shown increased suppression of the shared prey when a parasitoid and a predator were combined; however, this was not due to a behavioural response of the prey to avoid parasitism (Karut et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…This study identified the impact of one natural enemy, a parasitoid, on the interaction of prey with other natural enemies and, for the first time, uncovered additive emerging effects in predation that are initiated by the prey's response to a parasitoid. As far as we know, only a single study has demonstrated increased predation caused by the behavioural response of a prey to a parasitoid before, but this interaction had negative outcomes for biological control through IGP (Paull et al, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This may happen when they differ in their resource use, as this reduces competition for resources such as food or space (Symondson et al, 2002) and/or prevents prey escape (Losey & Denno, 1998c), and also when predator facilitation occurs (Losey & Denno, 1998a; Sih et al, 1998), i.e., the presence of one natural enemy facilitates the capture of the prey by other natural enemies (Rocca & Messelink, 2016; Greenop et al, 2018). This occurs because the presence of one predator drives the prey from the habitat avoiding being predated upon, becoming more exposed or vulnerable to the other natural enemy, which hunts the fleeing or displaced prey (Losey & Denno, 1998a,b; Nelson & Rosenheim, 2006; Paull et al, 2012; Alhadidi et al, 2019; Culshaw‐Maurer et al, 2020). For instance, Losey & Denno (1998a) observed that if the foliar‐foraging predator Coccinella septempunctata L. and the ground‐foraging predator Harpalus pennsylvanicus DeGeer, both natural enemies of A. pisum , were present in a system, the combined predation rate of both predators nearly doubled the sum of their individual predation rates, due to the aphid's ‘dropping’ behaviour elicited by C. septempunctata on the foliage, making aphids susceptible to predation by H. pennsylvanicus on the ground.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The combined foraging of a parasitoid and a predatory bug enhances mortality of Plutella xylostella larvae

Lankin-Vega

San‐Blas

Hogendoorn

et al. 2022

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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Interactions between biocontrol agents of crop pests can lead to neutral, detrimental, or improved outcomes for pest control. We investigated the existence and the nature of the additive interactions between a parasitoid, Diadegma semiclausum (Hellén) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), and two hemipteran predators, Oechalia schellenbergii Guérin-Méneville (Pentatomidae) and Nabis kinbergii Reuter (Nabidae), of the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), under laboratory conditions. In the presence of the parasitoid, both O. schellenbergii and N. kinbergii increased predation by 56 and 66%, respectively. The escape response of the prey to avoid being parasitized (moving backwards and sometimes spinning down from the leaf on a silk thread, becoming less cryptic to the predators), may be at the basis of the enhanced predation by these predatory bugs; however, further studies are necessary to test this hypothesis. As the predators did not preferentially consume either parasitised or unparasitised larvae, coincidental intraguild predation should not affect this positive outcome in relation to DBM suppression. The findings highlight the potential utility of combining these natural enemies and may have important implications for the management of DBM in brassica crops in Australia and other multispecies systems.

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“…These differences in prey-stage preferences allowed A. baccarum and A. ervi to share a common resource and resulted in the additive effect observed where species' interactions are complementary. Another possibility can be interpreted based on the synergistic efficacy reported on a lepidopteran-specialized parasitoid, Dolichogenidea tasmanica (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and A. baccarum on brown apple moth larvae, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) [20]. The moth larvae congregate en masse and make silk webbing for protection that makes them a difficult prey to catch for A. baccarum; however, the larvae escape from the protective webbing when the parasitoid attacks, making the larvae more accessible to A. baccarum.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of Anystis baccarum against Foxglove Aphids, Aulacorthum solani, in Laboratory and Small-Scale Greenhouse Trials

Saito

Brownbridge

2021

Insects

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A generalist predatory mite, Anystis baccarum (L.), has been identified as a key predator of small, soft-bodied pest species in various agroecosystems around the world. The foxglove aphid Aulacorthum solani (Keltenbach) is a new problematic pest in Canadian greenhouses. Laboratory colonies of A. baccarum were established and its predatory efficacy against A. solani was assessed. In laboratory trials, A. baccarum ate approximately one adult aphid or seven first instar aphids in 24 h. In a greenhouse bench trial on sweet peppers with the free-flying aphid parasitoid, Aphidius ervi Haliday, the population dynamics of A. solani in the presence or absence of A. baccarum was evaluated. Although the parasitoid alone successfully eradicated A. solani, when A. baccarum were present on the plants, the aphid population was eradicated more rapidly. Fruit yield was also 15% higher from plants where A. baccarum was released than the control (without A. baccarum). Furthermore, plants were naturally infested by Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) during the trial, which caused visible feeding damage to the fruits. Anystis baccarum also predates on thrips and thrips’ feeding damage to the fruits was reduced on plants where A. baccarum was released. Anystis baccarum was able to establish in sweet peppers and was determined to be complementary to the current practice of using A. ervi for the biological control of A. solani.

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Escape from parasitoids leave larvae vulnerable to predators and has unexpected outcomes for pest suppression

Cited by 7 publications

References 30 publications

Host Plants Affect the Foraging Success of Two Parasitoids that Attack Light Brown Apple Moth Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Host Plants Affect the Foraging Success of Two Parasitoids that Attack Light Brown Apple Moth Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

The combined foraging of a parasitoid and a predatory bug enhances mortality of Plutella xylostella larvae

Efficacy of Anystis baccarum against Foxglove Aphids, Aulacorthum solani, in Laboratory and Small-Scale Greenhouse Trials

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