Escalation strategies, management, and outcomes of acute myocardial infarction‐cardiogenic shock patients receiving percutaneous left ventricular support

Abstract

BackgroundThere are limited national‐level data on the contemporary practices of mechanical circulatory support (MCS) use in acute myocardial infarction‐cardiogenic shock (AMI‐CS).MethodsWe utilized the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project‐National/Nationwide Inpatient Sample data (2005–2017) to identify adult admissions (>18 years) with AMI‐CS. MCS devices were classified as intra‐aortic balloon pump (IABP), percutaneous left ventricular assist devices (pLVAD), or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). We evaluated trends in the initial device used (IABP alone, pLVAD alone or ≥2 MCS devices), device escalation, bridging to durable LVAD/heart transplantation, and predictors of in‐hospital mortality and device escalation.ResultsAmong 327,283 AMI‐CS admissions, 131,435 (40.2%) had an MCS device placed with available information on timing of placement. IABP, pLVAD, and ≥2 MCS devices were used as initial device in 120,928 (92.0%), 8202 (6.2%), and 2305 (1.7%) admissions, respectively. Most admissions were maintained on the initial MCS device with 1%–1.5% being escalated (IABP to pLVAD/ECMO, pLVAD to ECMO). Urban, medium, and large‐sized hospitals and acute multiorgan failure were significant independent predictors of MCS escalation. In admissions receiving MCS, escalation of MCS device was associated with higher in‐hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio: 1.56, 95% confidence interval: 1.38–1.75; p < 0.001). Admissions receiving durable LVAD/heart transplantation increased over time in those initiated on pLVAD and ≥2 MCS devices, resulting in lower in‐hospital mortality.ConclusionsIn this 13‐year study, escalation of MCS in AMI‐CS was associated with higher in‐hospital mortality suggestive of higher acuity of illness. The increase in number of durable LVAD/heart transplantations alludes to the role of MCS as successful bridge strategies.