Escalation of irritable aggression: Control by consequences and antecedents

Knutson, John F.; Fordyce, David J.; Anderson, Dorothy J.

doi:10.1002/1098-2337(1980)6:4<347::aid-ab2480060403>3.0.co;2-j

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(4 reference statements)

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“…Such a phenomenon occurs in humans as well as in lower species (Patterson, 1979). However, as the previously mentioned study by Knutson et al (1980) indicates, every attack is not prompted by the anticipation of reduced suffering. In one of their experimental conditions the aggression exhibited by the electrically shocked rats was not negatively reinforced, yet these animals were more likely to fight on being shocked again than were a control group that had not been shocked previously.…”

Section: What Is the Aim Of Pain-elicitedaggression?mentioning

confidence: 88%

“…In this view, then, the aggression is negatively reinforced by the cessation or diminution of the aversive stimulation. Knutson, Fordyce, and Anderson (1980) supported this possibility by showing that when shocked rats found that their attacks on a conspecific terminated the shocks, their aggression tended to increase.…”

Section: What Is the Aim Of Pain-elicitedaggression?mentioning

confidence: 88%

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Aversively stimulated aggression: Some parallels and differences in research with animals and humans.

Berkowitz¹

1983

American Psychologist

156

118

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On the basis of a review of research with animals and humans, it is argued that a broad range of aversive conditions evoke both flight and fight inclinations. Various factors determine the relative strengths of these dispositions so that the instigation to aggression is not always apparent in overt behavior. Further, it is also maintained that the aversively stimulated aggressive inclination in animals and humans is not only directed toward the diminution of the noxious stimulation, although negative reinforcement of the aggressive reaction can be an important factor in many instances. Some influences, such as classical conditioning, are common to animals and humans, but thought processes are probably more important in affecting human reactions to aversive events. The role of these thought processes is discussed, and it is suggested that Schachter's cognitive theory of emotions, with its emphasis on the self-labeling of feelings, does not apply to aversively stimulated aggression. A neoassociationistic network conception of emotions is favored as an alternative. It is also proposed that the thoughts and memories influencing the emotional experience and behavior can operate at various times in the sequence. The effect of learned helplessness is discussed in connection with this type of aggression. The thesis is also extended to the hostile tendencies often displayed by depressives, and it is suggested that the pain and suffering experienced by depressives contribute to their disposition to aggression.

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Section: What Is the Aim Of Pain-elicitedaggression?mentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: What Is the Aim Of Pain-elicitedaggression?mentioning

confidence: 88%

Aversively stimulated aggression: Some parallels and differences in research with animals and humans.

Berkowitz¹

1983

American Psychologist

156

118

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, when specific couples are tracked across time, a significant proportion of them do remain aggressive, and 25-30% of individuals who report aggression in their dating and newly married relationships report an escalation in the severity of the aggression over time (O'Leary 1988;O'Leary et al 1994;Roscoe and Benaske 1985;Stith et al 2000;Woffordt et al 1994). The essential model of escalation has been important in laboratory models of aggression (e.g., Knutson et al 1980;Knutson and Viken 1984), in models of children's aggression (e.g., Patterson 1982;Patterson and Reid 1970), and in efforts to understand physically abusive parenting (e.g., Greenwald et al 1997;Knutson and Bower 1994). In addition, the more severe initial aggression is associated with a greater likelihood of a continuation of the aggression.…”

Section: Measurement Of Intimate Partner Violencementioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Children’s Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence

Knutson

Lawrence

Taber

et al. 2009

Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev

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Child exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) is widely acknowledged as a threat to the psycho-social and academic well-being of children. Unfortunately, as reflected in the literature, the specific link between such exposure and childhood outcomes is ambiguous. Based on a review of the literature, this article suggests that this state of affairs is due, in part, to the manner with which exposure to IPV is operationally defined. After reviewing the dominant strategies for operationally defining exposure to IPV and the problems associated with those strategies, this article reports original data contrasting three measures derived from maternal reports, three measures derived from child reports, and the limited concordance among those different indices of exposure to IPV. The implications of these findings for research on child outcomes and the clinical assessment of children who might have been exposed to IPV are discussed.

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“…A similar two factor-model of human aggression comparing hostile/proactive/offensive vs. instrumental/ reactive/defensive aggression, has been explored for over 20 years (Dodge and Coie 1987;Dodge et al 1997;Knutson et al 1980). Reactive aggression reflects a hypersensitivity to perceived threats (Dodge and Coie 1987;Vitaro et al 2002).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis Functioning in Reactive and Proactive Aggression in Children

Lopez-Duran

Olson

Hajal

et al. 2008

J Abnorm Child Psychol

119

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The purpose of this study was to examine the association between hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA-axis) reactivity and proactive and reactive aggression in pre-pubertal children. After a 30-min controlled base line period, 73 7-year-old children (40 males and 33 females) were randomly assigned to one of two experimental tasks designed to elicit fear (N = 33) or frustration (N = 32), or a validity check condition (N = 8). This was followed by a 60-min controlled regulation phase. A total of 17 saliva samples for cortisol analysis were collected including 12 post-stress samples at 5-min intervals. Reactive and proactive aggression levels were assessed via the teacher-completed Aggression Behavior Teacher Checklist (Dodge and Coie, J Pers Soc Psychol, 53(6), 1146-1158, 1987). Reactive aggression significantly predicted total and peak post-stress cortisol regardless of stress modality. Proactive aggression was not a predictor of any cortisol index. Examination of pure reactive, proactive, combined, or non-aggressive children indicated that reactive aggressive children had higher cortisol reactivity than proactive and non-aggressive children. Our data suggest that while an overactive HPA-axis response to stress is associated with reactive aggression, stress induced HPA-axis variability does not seem to be related to proactive aggression.

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Escalation of irritable aggression: Control by consequences and antecedents

Cited by 15 publications

References 12 publications

Aversively stimulated aggression: Some parallels and differences in research with animals and humans.

Aversively stimulated aggression: Some parallels and differences in research with animals and humans.

Assessing Children’s Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence

Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis Functioning in Reactive and Proactive Aggression in Children

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