ESBL-Producing Escherichia coli Carrying CTX-M Genes Circulating among Livestock, Dogs, and Wild Mammals in Small-Scale Farms of Central Chile

Benavides, Julio A.; Salgado-Caxito, Marília; Opazo-Capurro, Andrés; Muñoz, Paulina González; Piñeiro, Ana; Medina, Macarena Otto; Rivas, Lina; Munita, José M.; Millán, Javier

doi:10.3390/antibiotics10050510

Cited by 37 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 70 publications

(103 reference statements)

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“…For instance, one aspect is the potential dispersal of antibiotic resistant bacteria from released wildlife to livestock and humans; another aspect is the environmental acquisition of antibiotic resistant bacteria by rescued wildlife, especially when this wildlife is found at or near urban areas or near livestock. However, a recent study conducted in the same geographical area as our study, found ESBL-producing E. coli in 24% of dogs, 3% of cows, but only in 0.5% of wildlife [ 48 ], values much lower than our results in the built environment. The different ways by which wildlife may play a role in the acquisition and in the dissemination of antibiotic resistant bacteria require further investigation.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 89%

Antimicrobial resistance in wildlife and in the built environment in a wildlife rehabilitation center

et al. 2021

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Injured and orphaned wildlife are often brought to Wildlife Rehabilitation Centers (WRC) to be cared for by professionals to ultimately be released back to their natural habitats. In these centers, animals may spend months and frequently receive prolonged antibiotic therapy. Therefore, WRC may play a role in the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The goal of this study was to investigate the presence and antibiotic resistance profiles of Gram-negative bacteria with reduced susceptibility to cephalosporins in both the wildlife admitted to a WRC and in the WRC built environment in Chile. A cross-sectional study was conducted sampling animals undergoing rehabilitation ( n = 64) and the WRC environment ( n = 160). Isolated bacterial species were identified with MALDI-TOF, and antimicrobial susceptibility determined using the disk diffusion method. Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae were the dominant bacterial families among the environmental ( n = 78) and animal ( n = 31) isolates. For Enterobacteriaceae , isolates of the most abundant species ( E. coli ) were classified into 20 antibiotic resistance profiles, with eight of those isolates being resistant to more than nine antibiotics, including imipenem. Isolates of the Pseudomonadaceae family identified 11 isolates with resistance to antibiotics such as carbapenems and quinolones. Even though a cluster analysis based on antibiotic resistance patterns did not show a clear overlap between environmental and animal isolates, it is important to highlight the identification of isolates resistant to carbapenems, which is very relevant from a public health perspective. Further, numerous antibiotic resistance profiles were observed in different bacterial species, indicating not only environmental contamination with a wide diversity of bacteria, but also a wide diversity of resistant bacteria in animals at the WRC. The approach taken by sampling animals and their hospital environment can be useful in understanding AMR dynamics in wildlife rehabilitation settings, as well as the potential dissemination of AMR into the natural environment.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 89%

Antimicrobial resistance in wildlife and in the built environment in a wildlife rehabilitation center

et al. 2021

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“…Additionally, ESBL genes have also been reported from different water sources, Caltagirone et al, 2017 conducted a study in Italy and reported the presence of bla CTX-M along with bla CTX−M in combination with bla SHV in isolates obtained from wells, streams, and water treatment plants. In Chile, a recent study reported the prevalence of ESBL in E. coli in domestic and wild animals, indicating a 30% prevalence in livestock, 24% in dogs, and 0.5% in wild animals; meanwhile, CTX-M enzymes were the most common enzymes in this study, coinciding with the results reported in the present work ( Benavides et al, 2021 ). Other studies in the country have reported bla CTX-M in foxes, Andean condors, and wild felids ( Cevidanes et al, 2020 ; Sacristán et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…In Chile, a recent study reported the prevalence of ESBL in E. coli in domestic and wild animals, indicating a 30% prevalence in livestock, 24% in dogs, and 0.5% in wild animals; meanwhile, CTX-M enzymes were the most common enzymes in this study, coinciding with the results reported in the present work (Benavides et al, 2021). Other studies in the country have reported bla CTX-M in foxes, Andean condors, and wild felids (Cevidanes et al, 2020;Sacristán et al, 2020).…”

Section: Colistin Resistance Gene Mcr-1 and Esbl Were Found In Isolates Obtained From Vegetables And Watersupporting

confidence: 90%

Isolation of Ciprofloxacin and Ceftazidime-Resistant Enterobacterales From Vegetables and River Water Is Strongly Associated With the Season and the Sample Type

et al. 2021

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The dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) from water used for crop irrigation to vegetables is poorly studied. During a year, five farmer markets in a city in Central Chile were visited, and 478 vegetable samples (parsleys, corianders, celeries, lettuces, chards, and beets) were collected. Simultaneously, 32 water samples were collected from two rivers which are used to irrigate the vegetables produced in the area. Resistant Enterobacterales were isolated and identified. Colistin resistance gene mcr-1 and extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) were molecularly detected. The association of environmental factors was evaluated, with the outcomes being the presence of Enterobacterales resistant to four antibiotic families and the presence of multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotypes. Parsley, coriander, and celery showed the highest prevalence of resistant Enterobacterales (41.9% for ciprofloxacin and 18.5% for ceftazidime). A total of 155 isolates were obtained, including Escherichia coli (n=109), Citrobacter sp. (n=20), Enterobacter cloacae complex (n=8), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=8), and Klebsiella aerogenes (n=1). Resistance to ampicillin (63.2%) and ciprofloxacin (74.2%) was most frequently found; 34.5% of the isolates showed resistance to third-generation cephalosporins, and the MDR phenotype represented 51.6% of the isolates. In two E. coli isolates (1.29%), the gene mcr-1 was found and ESBL genes were found in 23/62 isolates (37%), with blaCTX-M being the most frequently found in 20 isolates (32%). Resistant Enterobacterales isolated during the rainy season were less likely to be MDR as compared to the dry season. Understanding environmental associations represent the first step toward an improved understanding of the public health impact of ARB in vegetables and water.

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“…However, this study was not included in this review because it did not test for ARB or ARGs. Similarly, other studies have simultaneously sampled domestic animals and wildlife where contact between species can be frequent (e.g., small-scale farms) to assess potential crossspecies transmission of ESBL-E. coli (Benavides et al, 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Gulls as Reservoirs of Antibiotic Resistance in Aquatic Environments: A Scoping Review

et al. 2021

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The role of wildlife with long-range dispersal such as gulls in the global dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) across natural and anthropogenic aquatic environments remains poorly understood. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria have been detected in resident and migratory gulls worldwide for more than a decade, suggesting gulls as either sentinels of AMR pollution from anthropogenic sources or independent reservoirs that could maintain and disperse AMR across aquatic environments. However, confirming either of these roles remains challenging and incomplete. In this review, we present current knowledge on the geographic regions where AMR has been detected in gulls, the molecular characterization of resistance genes, and the evidence supporting the capacity of gulls to disperse AMR across regions or countries. We identify several limitations of current research to assess the role of gulls in the spread of AMR including most studies not identifying the source of AMR, few studies comparing bacteria isolated in gulls with other wild or domestic species, and almost no study performing longitudinal sampling over a large period of time to assess the maintenance and dispersion of AMR by gulls within and across regions. We suggest future research required to confirm the role of gulls in the global dispersion of AMR including the standardization of sampling protocols, longitudinal sampling using advanced satellite tracking, and whole-genome sequencing typing. Finally, we discuss the public health implications of the spread of AMR by gulls and potential solutions to limit its spread in aquatic environments.

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ESBL-Producing Escherichia coli Carrying CTX-M Genes Circulating among Livestock, Dogs, and Wild Mammals in Small-Scale Farms of Central Chile

Cited by 37 publications

References 70 publications

Antimicrobial resistance in wildlife and in the built environment in a wildlife rehabilitation center

Antimicrobial resistance in wildlife and in the built environment in a wildlife rehabilitation center

Isolation of Ciprofloxacin and Ceftazidime-Resistant Enterobacterales From Vegetables and River Water Is Strongly Associated With the Season and the Sample Type

The Role of Gulls as Reservoirs of Antibiotic Resistance in Aquatic Environments: A Scoping Review

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