Eruptive Cycle and Bubble Trap of Strokkur Geyser, Iceland

Eibl, Eva P. S.; Müller, Daniel J.; Walter, Thomas R.; Allahbakhshi, Masoud; Jousset, Philippe; Hersir, Gylfi Páll; Dahm, Torsten

doi:10.1002/essoar.10504076.1

Cited by 6 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Three Nanometrics Trillium Compact Posthole 20 s broadband seismometers (installed at locations S2, S3, S5, G4) and two Nanometrics Trillium Compact 120 s (installed at locations S1, S4, E2) were linked to data cubes for data collection. G1 to G4 recorded data at 200 Hz sampling rate from June 27, 2017 to June 6, 2018 (Eibl, Hainzl, et al., 2020; Eibl, Walter, et al., 2020) and were used for eruption cycle statistics. Their recording is not good enough for a tremor location.…”

Section: Experimental Setup 2018 and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eruptive Cycle and Bubble Trap of Strokkur Geyser, Iceland

et al. 2021

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The eruption frequency of geysers can be studied easily on the surface. However, details of the internal structure including possible water and gas filled chambers feeding eruptions and the driving mechanisms often remain elusive. We used a multidisciplinary network of seismometers, video cameras, water pressure sensors and one tiltmeter to study the eruptive cycle, internal structure, and mechanisms driving the eruptive cycle of Strokkur geyser in June 2018. An eruptive cycle at Strokkur always consists of four phases: (1) Eruption, (2) post‐eruptive conduit refilling, (3) gas filling of the bubble trap, and (4) regular bubble collapse at shallow depth in the conduit. For a typical single eruption 19 ± 4 bubble collapses occur in Phase 3 and 8 ± 2 collapses in Phase 4 at a mean spacing of 1.52 ± 0.29 and 24.5 ± 5.9 s, respectively. These collapses release latent heat to the fluid in the bubble trap (Phase 3) and later to the fluid in the conduit (Phase 4). The latter eventually reaches thermodynamic conditions for an eruption. Single to sextuple eruptions have similar spacings between bubble collapses and are likely fed from the same bubble trap at 23.7 ± 4.4 m depth, 13–23 m west of the conduit. However, the duration of the eruption and recharging phase linearly increases likely due to a larger water, gas and heat loss from the system. Our tremor data provides documented evidence for a bubble trap beneath a pool geyser.

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Section: Experimental Setup 2018 and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eruptive Cycle and Bubble Trap of Strokkur Geyser, Iceland

et al. 2021

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“…We also assessed the PE pattern of eight double eruptions recorded on 10 June 2018. These eruptions consist of two water fountains at an average temporal spacing of 15.6 s, and the duration of phases P3 and P4 increase linearly with respect to single eruptions (Eibl et al., 2021). The PE pattern of double eruptions throughout the cycle is similar to single eruptions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To investigate the relation between PE and the distance to the source, we calculated the distances from the estimated median source locations (Eibl et al., 2021) to the station S1. S1 is located about 10 m to the south of the conduit on the surface.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In P3, RMS shows a so‐called eruption coda composed of seismic peaks at a temporal spacing of 1.5–1.7 s featuring a fast increase and a slow decrease in amplitude. The RMS features regular peaks during P4 at an average temporal spacing of 22–27 s. Each of these peaks is followed by a weak eruption coda, while the seismic amplitude of the peaks tends to decrease toward the end of P4 (Eibl et al., 2021). The last peak is not followed by an eruption coda.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These eruptions consisted of 53 single eruptions, eight double eruptions, one triple eruption, and one quadruple eruption. As the waiting times after eruptions are in the order of minutes, and changes within the cycle occur within less than a second (Eibl et al., 2021), we aim for PE with high temporal resolution. In that case, we need to find the shortest window length possible to calculate PE.…”

Section: Seismic Preprocessing and Pe Setting At Strokkurmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eruption Forecasting of Strokkur Geyser, Iceland, Using Permutation Entropy

et al. 2022

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A volcanic eruption is usually preceded by seismic precursors, but their interpretation and use for forecasting the eruption onset time remain a challenge. A part of the eruptive processes in open conduits of volcanoes may be similar to those encountered in geysers. Since geysers erupt more often, they are useful sites for testing new forecasting methods. We tested the application of Permutation Entropy (PE) as a robust method to assess the complexity in seismic recordings of the Strokkur geyser, Iceland. Strokkur features several minute‐long eruptive cycles, enabling us to verify in 63 recorded cycles whether PE behaves consistently from one eruption to the next one. We performed synthetic tests to understand the effect of different parameter settings in the PE calculation. Our application to Strokkur shows a distinct, repeating PE pattern consistent with previously identified phases in the eruptive cycle. We find a systematic increase in PE within the last 15 s before the eruption, indicating that an eruption will occur. We quantified the predictive power of PE, showing that PE performs better than seismic signal strength or quiescence when it comes to forecasting eruptions.

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Thumping Cycle Variations of Doublet Pool in Yellowstone National Park, USA

Liu

Lin

Manga

et al. 2023

Geophysical Research Letters

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The active Yellowstone hydrothermal system results from shallow groundwater interacting with heat from a deeper magmatic system (Smith & Siegel, 2000). Variations in heating rate, conduit geometry, and water influx control the exact surface manifestation of each hydrothermal feature (e.g., Namiki et al., 2016;Rinehart, 1980;Toramaru & Maeda, 2013). An eruptive geyser is composed of a long narrow subsurface conduit with constrictions that inhibit effective fluid convection, keep the hydrostatic pressure high, and suppress the liquid-to-vapor phase transition. With continued heat accumulation, the system eventually reaches a critical condition where a perturbation in pressure initiates a phase transition between liquid and vapor, and the resulting volume expansion will vigorously eject a liquid-vapor mixture into the air (White, 1967). A hot spring, in contrast, is a steady-state system where both heat and water influx and outflux remain balanced. At least one hot spring in New Zealand (Iodine Pool; Legaz et al., 2009) and several features in Yellowstone, however, mysteriously "thump" either periodically or episodically suggesting their heat input and output are not completely balanced and thus that they share some similarities with geysers. Doublet Pool, a hot spring composed of a main and an auxiliary pool connected by a narrow channel at the surface, in the Upper Geyser Basin (Figure 1), is famous for its persistent, approximately periodic thumping cycle (Bryan, 2008). During active thumping, the water level in the main pool vibrates visibly, ground shaking can be felt, and thumping can be heard on a quiet day near the pool. While periodic thumping resembles a geyser's eruption pattern, the thumping at Doublet Pool never evolves into an active eruption.Many previous geophysical studies, including seismic investigations aimed at understanding the eruption dynamics of geysers, have recorded hydrothermal tremor connected to the liquid/vapor phase transition processes (Kedar et al., 1998(Kedar et al., , 1996Wu et al., 2017). The spatiotemporal distribution of the tremor sources has been used to illuminate the subsurface conduit system and infer the physical state of the geyser system during each stage of the eruption cycle (

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Eruptive Cycle and Bubble Trap of Strokkur Geyser, Iceland

Cited by 6 publications

References 13 publications

Eruptive Cycle and Bubble Trap of Strokkur Geyser, Iceland

Eruptive Cycle and Bubble Trap of Strokkur Geyser, Iceland

Eruption Forecasting of Strokkur Geyser, Iceland, Using Permutation Entropy

Thumping Cycle Variations of Doublet Pool in Yellowstone National Park, USA

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