Errors in Derivations of the Coburn-Forster-Kane Equation for Predicting Carboxyhemoglobin

Smith, Steven R.; Steinberg, Seymour; Gaydos, Joel C.

doi:10.1080/15428119691014675

Cited by 12 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…The Coburn-Forster-Kane (CFK) equation describes the dynamics of COHb formation from CO inhalation [ 25 ]. This model has been thoroughly validated and information on the population distribution of its parameters has been largely studied [ 26 , 27 ]. Additionally, it has been refined to include the decrease in HbO 2 when COHb increases.…”

Section: Gas Emission In Firesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Sensor Systems and Associated Algorithms for Fire Detection: A Review

Fonollosa

Solórzano

Marco

2018

Sensors

117

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Indoor fire detection using gas chemical sensing has been a subject of investigation since the early nineties. This approach leverages the fact that, for certain types of fire, chemical volatiles appear before smoke particles do. Hence, systems based on chemical sensing can provide faster fire alarm responses than conventional smoke-based fire detectors. Moreover, since it is known that most casualties in fires are produced from toxic emissions rather than actual burns, gas-based fire detection could provide an additional level of safety to building occupants. In this line, since the 2000s, electrochemical cells for carbon monoxide sensing have been incorporated into fire detectors. Even systems relying exclusively on gas sensors have been explored as fire detectors. However, gas sensors respond to a large variety of volatiles beyond combustion products. As a result, chemical-based fire detectors require multivariate data processing techniques to ensure high sensitivity to fires and false alarm immunity. In this paper, we the survey toxic emissions produced in fires and defined standards for fire detection systems. We also review the state of the art of chemical sensor systems for fire detection and the associated signal and data processing algorithms. We also examine the experimental protocols used for the validation of the different approaches, as the complexity of the test measurements also impacts on reported sensitivity and specificity measures. All in all, further research and extensive test under different fire and nuisance scenarios are still required before gas-based fire detectors penetrate largely into the market. Nevertheless, the use of dynamic features and multivariate models that exploit sensor correlations seems imperative.

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Section: Gas Emission In Firesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Sensor Systems and Associated Algorithms for Fire Detection: A Review

Fonollosa

Solórzano

Marco

2018

Sensors

117

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“…rest have been suggested in more recent literature (Tikuisis, 1987(Tikuisis, , 1992McCartney, 1990;Smith et al, 1996). However, these have not been used in order to permit comparisons with the allowed exposure levels that were developed based on the original CFK equation (ACGIH, 1991).…”

Section: Water Vapor and Carbon Monoxide Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Monoxide and Water Vapor Contamination of Compressed Breathing Air for Firefighters and Divers

Austin¹,

Ecobichon²,

Dussault³

et al. 1997

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health

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Compressed breathing air, used in self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) by firefighters and other categories of workers as well as by recreational and commercial divers, is p r e pared with the aid of high-pressure compressors operating in the range of 5000 psig. There have been reports of unexplained deaths of SCUBA divers and anecdotal accounts of decreased time to exhaustion in firefighters using SCBAs. Compressed breathing air has been found to contain elevated levels of carbon monoxide (CO) and water vapor that are consistent with carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) poisoning and freezing of the user's regulator on the breathing apparatus. The Coburn-Fonter-Kane equation (CFK equation) was used to estimate COHb levels at rest and at maximum exercise when exposed to different levels of CO in contaminated breathing air. The results demonstrated that, at maximum exercise, the COHb ranged from 6.0 to 17% with the use of 1 to 4 SCBA cylinders contaminated by 250 ppm CO. Standard operating procedures have been developed at the Montreal Fire Department to minimize the risk of compressed breathing air contamination. Results of the quality analysis/quality control program indicate that implementation of these procedures has improved the quality of the compressed breathing air. Recommendations are made for improvement of the air testing procedures mandated by the Canadian CAN3 180.1-Ma5 Standard on Compressed Breathing Air and Systems.

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Toxicology Update

Burg¹

1999

J. Appl. Toxicol.

105

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Errors in Derivations of the Coburn-Forster-Kane Equation for Predicting Carboxyhemoglobin

Cited by 12 publications

References 0 publications

Chemical Sensor Systems and Associated Algorithms for Fire Detection: A Review

Chemical Sensor Systems and Associated Algorithms for Fire Detection: A Review

Carbon Monoxide and Water Vapor Contamination of Compressed Breathing Air for Firefighters and Divers

Toxicology Update

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