Error Vector Magnitude, Intermodulation, and Radiation Characteristics of a Bandwidth- and Pattern-Reconfigurable Antenna

Towfiq, Md. Asaduzzaman; Khalat, A.; Blanch, S.; Romeu, J.; Jofre, L.; Cetiner, Bedri A.

doi:10.1109/lawp.2019.2933379

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Results are shown in Figure 9 . The observed results are in agreement with the trends and values observed in the measurements reported in [ 30 ], where the antenna operation mode

presents a higher EVM than the

, and the EVM is below

for input powers up to

dBm, for all the antenna states of interest. This results also demonstrate that the pl-approach is a low-nonlinearity alternative to achieve complex antenna functions in accordance with the performance limits established for 5G.…”

Section: Nonlinear Switch Characterizationsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…To illustrate the use of the X-parameters in a particular case, the antenna reported in [ 30 ] and reproduced in simplified manner in Figure 6 a is taken as case of study. This antenna uses a total of 17 switches based on the MA4AGFCP910 PIN diode, of which the most critical is the one located in the main feed path (

in the diagram); likewise, the set of 12 diodes in the intermediate PL (

) are jointly (de)activated, hence, although individually not as significant as

, when combined, their impact on nonlinearity is similar or can be even larger.…”

Section: Nonlinear Switch Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The nonlinear behavior of RAs is scarcely reported in the literature, and design strategies considering nonlinearities are non-existent. Two recent experimentally-oriented works are [ 29 ], where Third Order Intercept (TOI) and 1 dB Compression Point (1dB CP) are presented, and [ 30 ] which focuses on EVM and IMP measurements. Nevertheless, both cases lack an analytical formulation to explain or estimate the nonlinear behavior of the antenna, which would be required to calculate the measured effects or to consider the nonlinearities in the design stage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Design of Minimum Nonlinear Distortion Reconfigurable Antennas for Next-Generation Communication Systems

Ramírez

Barlabé

Pradell

et al. 2021

Sensors

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Nonlinear effects in the radio front-end can degrade communication quality and system performance. In this paper we present a new design technique for reconfigurable antennas that minimizes the nonlinear distortion and maximizes power efficiency through the minimization of the coupling between the internal switching ports and the external feeding ports. As a nonlinear design and validation instance, we present the nonlinear characterization up to 50 GHz of a PIN diode commonly used as a switch for reconfigurable devices in the microwave band. Nonlinear models are extracted through X-parameter measurements supported by accurate calibration and de-embedding procedures. Nonlinear switch models are validated by S-parameter measurements in the low power signal regime and by harmonic measurements in the large-signal regime and are further used to predict the measured nonlinearities of a reconfigurable antenna. These models have the desired particularity of being integrated straightforwardly in the internal multi-port method formulation, which is used and extended to account for the power induced on the switching elements. A new figure of merit for the design of reconfigurable antennas is introduced—the power margin, that is, the power difference between the fed port and the switching elements, which combined with the nonlinear load models directly translates into nonlinearities and power-efficiency-related metrics. Therefore, beyond traditional antenna aspects such as port match, gain, and beam orientation, switch power criteria are included in the design methodology. Guidelines for the design of reconfigurable antennas and parasitic layers of minimum nonlinearity are provided as well as the inherent trade-offs. A particular antenna design suitable for 5G communications in the 3.5 GHz band is presented according to these guidelines, in which the specific switching states for a set of target performance metrics are obtained via a balancing of the available figures of merit with multi-objective separation criteria, which enables good control of the various design trade-offs. Average Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) and power efficiency improvement of 12 and 6 dB, respectively, are obtained with the application of this design approach. In summary, this paper introduces a new framework for the nonlinear modeling and design of reconfigurable antennas and provides a set of general-purpose tools applicable in cases beyond those used as examples and validation in this work. Additionally, the use of these models and guidelines is presented, demonstrating one of the most appealing advantages of the reconfigurable parasitic layer approach, their low nonlinearity.

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“…Results are shown in Figure 9 . The observed results are in agreement with the trends and values observed in the measurements reported in [ 30 ], where the antenna operation mode

presents a higher EVM than the

, and the EVM is below

for input powers up to

Section: Nonlinear Switch Characterizationsupporting

confidence: 91%

in the diagram); likewise, the set of 12 diodes in the intermediate PL (

) are jointly (de)activated, hence, although individually not as significant as

, when combined, their impact on nonlinearity is similar or can be even larger.…”

Section: Nonlinear Switch Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Design of Minimum Nonlinear Distortion Reconfigurable Antennas for Next-Generation Communication Systems

Ramírez

Barlabé

Pradell

et al. 2021

Sensors

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The antenna is one of the most important components in wireless communication systems, and is also one of the components that could most easily be a source of PIM [10][11][12][13]. The design of antennas is highly related to the structure, and therefore structural design and processing technology are the key to controlling the PIM levels of antennas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Method for Measuring the Maximum Measurable Gain of a Passive Intermodulation Chamber

Cai

Zhou

Liu³

et al. 2021

Electronics

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This paper presents an approximate method that allows the calculation of the maximum measurable gain (MMG) in an anechoic chamber. This method is realized by using a low passive intermodulation (PIM) medium-gain directional antenna. By reducing the distance between the antenna and the wall of the chamber to reduce path loss, the purpose of replacing a high-gain antenna with a medium-gain antenna is achieved. The specific relationship between distance and equivalent gain is given in this paper. The measurement interval is determined by the 3 dB beamwidth of the measurement antenna to scan the whole chamber. A set of corresponding data for the residual PIM level and the MMG of the chamber can be obtained by the method of measurement outlined herein. The feasibility of this method was verified by measurements in two PIM measurement chambers.

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“…the ability to adjust dynamically the matching frequency, polarization and radiation properties. The switches used in the PL can be either PIN diodes [4,5], microelectromechanical system (MEMs) switches [6] or varactor diodes [7]. RAs using PIN diodes are widespread due to their fast switching speed and low cost compared to MEMs, and higher energy efficiency and reduced losses when compared with varactors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-Dimensional Beamsteering Low-Complexity Reconfigurable Multilevel Antenna

Zhou

Ramirez

Montero

et al. 2020

Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett.

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A low complexity reconfigurable antenna (RA) capable of steering its beam into nine different directions corresponding to θ = {−42 • , 0 • , 42 • } in the φ = {25 • , 0 • , 155 • } planes, and θ = ±25 • in the φ = 90 • plane, using a reduced number of switches is presented. The RA operating at 3.4 − 3.8 GHz consists of a central dipole element excited by a coaxial probe, surrounded by four switchable parasitic dipoles located at different height levels above a ground plane which act as either reflector for the elements located at an upper layer or director for the ones at a lower layer, improving the radiation characteristics of the antenna. Each parasitic dipole is fed with a PIN diode as switch which enables the activation of these elements providing the desired modes of operation. The presented RA was manufactured and measured showing results with a good agreement with the theoretical and numerical simulation.

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Error Vector Magnitude, Intermodulation, and Radiation Characteristics of a Bandwidth- and Pattern-Reconfigurable Antenna

Cited by 11 publications

References 11 publications

Design of Minimum Nonlinear Distortion Reconfigurable Antennas for Next-Generation Communication Systems

Design of Minimum Nonlinear Distortion Reconfigurable Antennas for Next-Generation Communication Systems

A Method for Measuring the Maximum Measurable Gain of a Passive Intermodulation Chamber

Three-Dimensional Beamsteering Low-Complexity Reconfigurable Multilevel Antenna

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