Error-resilient video coding in the ISO MPEG-4 standard

Talluri, Raj

doi:10.1109/35.685373

Cited by 196 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 11 publications

(1 reference statement)

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“…Currently the periodic insertion of Resynchronization Markers (unique codes that limit the effect of data loss and establish synchronization between encoder and decoder) is being considered for the MPEG-4 and JPEG2000 standards [41,42]. The resilience of MPEG-4 bitstreams is also increased by placing coded motion vector data prior to coded DCT coefficients.…”

Section: Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If however the motion vector data between two resynchronization markers has been corrupted, all the data between the two markers is discarded and the macroblocks constructed via temporal replacement from the previous frame. The robustness of the stream is further enhanced by using reversible variable length codes that can be uniquely forward or backward decoded, as well as by repeating important header information [41,42].…”

Section: Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The resilience of MPEG-4 bitstreams is also increased by placing coded motion vector data prior to coded DCT coefficients. These two groups of data are separated by a field known as the Motion Boundary Marker (MBM) [41,42]. The MBM is utilized by the decoder to discern whether coded motion vectors have been corrupted or not.…”

Section: Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Error Concealment in Encoded Video Streams

Salama

Shroff

Delp

1998

Signal Recovery Techniques for Image and Video Compression and Transmission

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When transmitting compressed video over a data network, one has to deal with how channel errors affect the decoding process. This is particularly problematic with data loss or erasures. In this paper we describe techniques to address this problem in the context of networks where channel errors or congestion can result in the loss of entire macroblocks when MPEG video is transmitted. We describe spatial and temporal techniques for the recovery of lost macroblocks. In particular, we develop estimation techniques for the reconstruction of missing macroblocks using a Markov Random Field model. We show that the widely used heuristic motion compensated error concealment technique based on averaging motion vectors is a special case of our estimation technique. We further describe a technique that can be implemented in real-time.

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Section: Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Error Concealment in Encoded Video Streams

Salama

Shroff

Delp

1998

Signal Recovery Techniques for Image and Video Compression and Transmission

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“…In H.263+, some of the mechanisms for error resilience [29] include the use of slices (Annex K) and segments (Annex R) to provide points for resynchronization and the ability to use pictures other than the most recently decoded picture for prediction (Annex N). The error resilience features in MPEG-4 [30] include reversible variable-length codes, "video packets" (similar to H.263+ slices) and data partitioning for resynchronization, and the ability to add redundant copies of header information (to avoid dropping entire frames when headers are lost or corrupted.) Finally, error concealment [25,31] can be used to minimize the visual impact arising from data loss when the video is displayed to the user by predicting the contents of missing or corrupted areas in the video.…”

Section: Error Control Resilience and Concealmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

<title>Streaming video and rate-scalable compression: What are the challenges for watermarking?</title>

Lin

Podilchuk²,

Kalker

et al. 2001

SPIE Proceedings

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Video streaming, or the real-time delivery of video over a data network, is the underlying technology behind many applications including video conferencing, video-on-demand, and the delivery of educational and entertainment content. In many applications, particularly ones involving entertainment content, security issues, such as conditional access and copy protection must be addressed. To resolve these security issues, techniques that include encryption and watermarking need to be developed. Since the video sequences will often be compressed using a scalable compression technique and transported over a lossy packet network using the Internet Protocol (IP), the security techniques must be compatible with the compression method and data transport and be robust to errors. In this paper, we address the issues involved in the watermarking of rate-scalable video streams delivered using a practical network. Watermarking is the embedding of a signal (the watermark) into a video stream that is imperceptible when the stream is viewed but can be detected by a watermark detector. Many watermarking techniques have been proposed for digital images and video, but the issues of streaming have not been fully investigated. A review of streaming video is presented, including scalable video compression and network transport, followed by a brief review of video watermarking and the discussion of watermarking streaming video.

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“…In particular, MPEG-4 has been developed with wireless channels in mind [3]. Three error resilience tools are provided by the standard: regular insertion of resynchronisation words, data partitioning and reversible variable length codes (RVLC) [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal packetisation of MPEG-4 using RTP over mobile networks

Sadka¹,

Sweeney²,

Kondoz³

2001

IEE Proc., Commun.

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Abstract:The introduction of third-generation wireless networks should result in real-time mobile video communications becoming a reality. Delivery of such video is likely to be facilitated by the realtime transport protocol (RTP). Careful packetisation of the video data is necessary to ensure the optimal trade-off between channel utilisation and error robustness. Theoretical analyses for two basic schemes of MPEG-4 data encapsulation within RTP packets are presented. Simulations over a GPRS (general packet radio service) network are used to validate the analysis of the most efficient scheme. Finally, a motion adaptive system for deriving MPEG-4 video packet sizes is presented. Further simulations demonstrate the benefits of the adaptive system.

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Error-resilient video coding in the ISO MPEG-4 standard

Cited by 196 publications

References 11 publications

Error Concealment in Encoded Video Streams

Error Concealment in Encoded Video Streams

<title>Streaming video and rate-scalable compression: What are the challenges for watermarking?</title>

Optimal packetisation of MPEG-4 using RTP over mobile networks

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