Erratum to: White matter measures are near normal in controlled HIV infection except in those with cognitive impairment and longer HIV duration

Before the introduction of antiretroviral therapy, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was often accompanied by central nervous system (CNS) opportunistic infections and HIV encephalopathy marked by profound structural and functional alterations detectable with neuroimaging. Treatment with antiretroviral therapy nearly eliminated CNS opportunistic infections, while neuropsychiatric impairment and peripheral nerve and organ damage have persisted among virally suppressed people with HIV (PWH), suggesting ongoing brain injury. Neuroimaging research must use methods sensitive for detecting subtle HIV-associated brain structural and functional abnormalities, while allowing for adjustments for potential confounders, such as age, sex, substance use, hepatitis C coinfection, cardiovascular risk, and others. Here, we review existing and emerging neuroimaging tools that demonstrated promise in detecting markers of HIV-associated brain pathology and explore strategies to study the impact of potential confounding factors on these brain measures. We emphasize neuroimaging approaches that may be used in parallel to gather complementary information, allowing efficient detection and interpretation of altered brain structure and function associated with suboptimal clinical outcomes among virally suppressed PWH. We examine the advantages of each imaging modality and systematic approaches in study design and analysis. We also consider advantages of combining experimental and statistical control techniques to improve sensitivity and specificity of biotype identification and explore the costs and benefits of aggregating data from multiple studies to achieve larger sample sizes, enabling use of emerging methods for combining and analyzing large, multifaceted data sets. Many of the topics addressed in this article were discussed at the National Institute of Mental Health meeting “Biotypes of CNS Complications in People Living with HIV,” held in October 2021, and are part of ongoing research initiatives to define the role of neuroimaging in emerging alternative approaches to identifying biotypes of CNS complications in PWH. An outcome of these considerations may be the development of a common neuroimaging protocol available for researchers to use in future studies examining neurological changes in the brains of PWH.

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Imaging of Brain Structural and Functional Effects in People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus

O’Connor

Sullivan

Chang

et al. 2023

The Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Structural Brain Abnormalities in Successfully Treated HIV Infection: Associations With Disease and Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers

Zoest

Underwood²,

Francesco³

et al. 2017

The Journal of Infectious Diseases

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The presence of lower gray matter volumes and more white matter microstructural abnormalities in well-treated PLWH partly reflect a combination of historical effects of AIDS, as well as the more general influence of systemic factors, such as hypertension and ongoing neuroinflammation. Additional mechanisms explaining the accentuation of brain structure abnormalities in treated HIV infection remain to be identified.

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HIV-associated sensory polyneuropathy and neuronal injury are associated with miRNA–455-3p induction

Asahchop¹,

Branton²,

Krishnan³

et al. 2018

JCI Insight

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Erratum to: White matter measures are near normal in controlled HIV infection except in those with cognitive impairment and longer HIV duration

Cited by 3 publications

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Imaging of Brain Structural and Functional Effects in People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Imaging of Brain Structural and Functional Effects in People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Structural Brain Abnormalities in Successfully Treated HIV Infection: Associations With Disease and Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers

HIV-associated sensory polyneuropathy and neuronal injury are associated with miRNA–455-3p induction

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