Erratum to: The effect of silica nano particles and rubber particles on the toughness of multiphase thermosetting epoxy polymers

Kinloch, A. J.; Mohammed, R; Taylor, A. C.; Eger, C.; Sprenger, Stephan; Egan, D.

doi:10.1007/s10853-005-7261-1

Cited by 34 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…However, it is difficult to precisely control the final particle size of the phaseseparated rubber particles, as it is governed by the balance between the reaction rate of the phase-separation process and the crosslinking process of the epoxy resin. Additionally the glass transition temperature, T g , of the epoxy polymer can be significantly reduced if any of the added rubber does not phase-separate, thereby effectively plasticising the epoxy [23]. In contrast, the T g of the epoxy polymer is unaffected by the presence of the preformed CSR particles [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of toughening mechanisms have been reported in the literature including crack pinning [31] and crack-path deflection [32,33] in the case of micron-sized glass beads. The toughening mechanisms in silica nanoparticle-modified epoxies were found [8,23,34,35] to be similar to the mechanisms observed in rubber-toughened epoxies, namely localised plastic shear-band yielding was initiated by the stress concentration acting around the periphery of the silica-nanoparticle and plastic void growth occurred in the epoxy polymer around those silica nanoparticles that had debonded [34,35]. However, it has been noted experimentally that not all of the silica nanoparticles debonded from the matrix to initiate such plastic void growth of the epoxy [35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toughened carbon fibre-reinforced polymer composites with nanoparticle-modified epoxy matrices

et al. 2016

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In the current work, the microstructure and fracture performance of carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites based upon matrices of an anhydride-cured epoxy resin (formulated with a reactive diluent), and containing silica nanoparticles and/or polysiloxane core-shell rubber (CSR) nanoparticles, were investigated. Double cantilever beam tests were performed in order to determine the interlaminar fracture energy of the CFRP composites, while the single-edge-notched bend specimen was employed to evaluate the fracture energy of the bulk polymers. The fracture energy of the bulk epoxy polymers increased from 173 J/m 2 for the unmodified polymer to a maximum of 1237 J/ m 2 with the addition of 16 wt% of CSR nanoparticles. The toughening mechanisms were identified as (a) localised plastic shear yielding and (b) cavitation of the CSR particles followed by plastic void growth of the matrix. The steady-state propagation value of the interlaminar fracture energy of the CFRP composites increased with increasing nanoparticle concentration, from 1246 J/m 2 for the unmodified epoxy matrix to a maximum of 1851 J/m 2 with 4 wt% of silica nanoparticles and 8 wt% of CSR nanoparticles. Crack growth in the CFRP composites was dominated by fibre-bridging toughening mechanisms. The efficiency of the transfer of toughness from the bulk polymers to the carbon fibre composites was considered. The measured fracture energy of both bulk and composite materials decreased at a test temperature of -80°C, compared with room temperature, i.e. 20°C. Nevertheless, the toughening effects of both the silica and CSR nanoparticles on the bulk epoxy polymers and the CFRP composites, compared with the unmodified epoxy polymers, were still evident even at the lower temperature. Indeed, the toughening effect of the silica nanoparticles was greater at -80°C than at room temperature.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toughened carbon fibre-reinforced polymer composites with nanoparticle-modified epoxy matrices

et al. 2016

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“…In order to combine the advantages of both rubbery and rigid fillers, Kinloch et al [15] incorporated both SiO 2 nanoparticles and CTBN liquid rubber in an epoxy and found that the fracture energy increased synergistically with the use of both fillers. The modulus of the liquid rubber/epoxy composites was improved by adding SiO 2 nanoparticles up to 15.4 wt%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Composites Filled with Rubbery Copolymer Grafted SiO2

Gao

Benicewicz

et al. 2012

Polymers

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This study demonstrated a method for toughening a highly crosslinked anhydride cured DGEBA epoxy using rubbery block copolymer grafted SiO 2 nanoparticles. The particles were synthesized by a sequential reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The inner rubbery block poly(n-hexyl methacrylate) (PHMA) had a glass transition temperature below room temperature. The outer block poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) was matrix compatible. A rubbery interlayer thickness of 100% and 200% of the particle core radius was achieved by grafting a 20 kg/mol and a 40 kg/mol PHMA at a graft density of 0.7 chains/nm 2 from the SiO 2 surface. The 20 kg/mol rubbery interlayer transferred load more efficiently to the SiO 2 cores than the 40 kg/mol rubbery interlayer and maintained the epoxy modulus up to a loading of 10 vol% of the rubbery interlayer. Both systems enabled cavitation or plastic dilatation. Improvement of the strain-to-break and the tensile toughness was found in both systems. We hypothesize that plastic void growth in the matrix is the primary mechanism causing the improvement of the ductility. OPEN ACCESSPolymers 2012, 4 188

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“…The mechanisms of shear band yielding and plastic void growth arising from the presence of rubber microparticles and/or silica nanoparticles in the bulk epoxy polymer have been successfully modelled by Huang and Kinloch [44] for rubbermodified epoxy polymers, and more recently by Hsieh et al [12,16] and Bray et al [45] for silica nanoparticle-modified DGEBA epoxy polymers. Further, Giannakopoulos et al [46] and Chen et al [47] have also applied these models to epoxy polymers toughened using core-shell rubbers.…”

Section: Results and Discussion: Modelling Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…'out-of-the-autoclave processing', the viscosity of the epoxy-resin matrix also needs to be kept to a relatively low value and the toughening second-phase must not be 'strained-out' by the presence of the fibres during RTM processing. This requirement implies that the second-phase tougheners need to be of the dimensions of nanometres or a few micrometres.Recently, the use of spherical nanosilica particles, about 20 nm in diameter, has been shown to produce toughened matrices which can, in turn, be employed to give relatively tough PMC materials [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. Furthermore, and most importantly, such nanosilica particles are (a) relatively inexpensive and (b) may lead to virtually no increase in the 2 viscosity of the epoxy resin [18].…”

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confidence: 99%

From matrix nano- and micro-phase tougheners to composite macro-properties

Kinloch

Taylor

Techapaitoon

et al. 2016

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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Media SummaryThe properties of natural-fibre reinforced-plastic (NFRP) composites based upon epoxy polymer matrices containing silica nanoparticles and rubber microparticles have been studied using (a) unidirectional flax-fibres or (b) regeneratedcellulose fibres in the architecture of a plain-woven fabric. They were manufactured using a low-cost resin-infusion method. The values of toughness of the NFRP composites were remarkably high, being typically about 75% higher than for the corresponding, traditional, glass-fibre composites. The reasons for the very good performance of the NFRPs were identified and a quantitative model developed. AbstractIn the present paper the morphology and toughness of a range of bulk epoxy polymers, which incorporate a second-phase of well dispersed silica nanoparticles and/or rubber microparticles, have been determined. Secondly, the macro-properties of natural-fibre reinforced-plastic (NFRP) composites based upon these epoxy polymers have been ascertained, using (a) unidirectional flax-fibres or (b) regenerated-cellulose fibres in the architecture of a plain-woven fabric. Thirdly, the toughening mechanisms which are induced in these materials by the presence of the silica nanoparticles, the rubber microparticles and the natural fibres have been identified. Finally, the values of the toughness of the bulk epoxy polymers and corresponding NFRPs have been quantitatively modelled. The increased toughness recorded for the bulk epoxy polymer due to the presence of the silica nanoparticles and/or rubber microparticles was indeed typically transferred to the NFRP composites when using such epoxies as the matrices for the fibres. Thus, the important role that may be played by modifications to the epoxy matrices in order to increase the toughness of the composites was very clearly demonstrated by these results. However, notwithstanding, the toughening mechanisms induced by the fibres were essentially responsible for the very high toughnesses of the NFRP composites, compared with the bulk epoxy polymers. The modelling studies successfully predicted the values of toughness of the bulk epoxy polymers and of the NFRP composites. These studies also quantified the extent to which each toughening mechanism, induced by the second-phase nano-and micro-particles and the natural fibres, contributed to the overall values of toughness of the materials. Keywords:Fracture; Modelling; Nanocomposites; Natural-fibre Composites IntroductionHigh-performance polymer-matrix composites (PMCs) typically employ epoxy resins as the matrix for continuous fibres. When cured, epoxy resins are highly-crosslinked thermosetting polymers which exhibit good elevated temperature resistance and low creep. However, their high crosslink density causes them to have a poor resistance to the initiation and growth of cracks. The addition of a second-phase, which is well dispersed, can significantly increase the toughness of thermoset polymers [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Thus, to achieve a relatively tough epoxy-polymer matrix, an ...

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Erratum to: The effect of silica nano particles and rubber particles on the toughness of multiphase thermosetting epoxy polymers

Cited by 34 publications

References 0 publications

Toughened carbon fibre-reinforced polymer composites with nanoparticle-modified epoxy matrices

Toughened carbon fibre-reinforced polymer composites with nanoparticle-modified epoxy matrices

The Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Composites Filled with Rubbery Copolymer Grafted SiO2

From matrix nano- and micro-phase tougheners to composite macro-properties

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