We present a combined experimental and theoretical study of phonon focusing phenomena in a pass band above the complete band gap in a 3D phononic crystal. Wave propagation was found to depend dramatically on both frequency and incident direction. This propagation anisotropy leads to very large negative refraction, which can be used to focus a diverging ultrasonic beam into a narrow focal spot with a large focal depth. The experimental field patterns are well explained using a Fourier imaging technique, based on the 3D equifrequency surfaces calculated from multiple scattering theory. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.024301 PACS numbers: 43.35.+d, 63.20.-e The past decade has witnessed a rapid growth in the study of phononic crystals [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12], which are periodic composite materials that are the elastic and acoustic analogues of photonic crystals [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. This growing interest is fueled not only by potential applications as novel acoustic devices [7,8,10 -12], but also by the rich physics governing elastic and acoustic wave propagation in periodic media [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. In addition, ultrasonic and acoustic techniques, coupled with powerful theoretical approaches, provide some unique advantages for directly investigating wave phenomena in these systems. Most of the studies until now have focused on the existence and properties of phononic band gaps [1-7,9], which occur due to Bragg scattering when the wavelength is comparable with the lattice constants, leading to frequency bands where wave propagation is forbidden. The result has been considerable progress in understanding how to achieve large complete band gaps in physically realizable materials, and in elucidating the mechanism of wave transport at gap frequencies, which has been shown to occur by tunneling [9].However, relatively little attention has been paid to investigating how periodicity affects wave propagation over a wide range of frequencies outside the band gaps, where novel refractive, diffractive, and focusing effects may all be possible. At low frequencies, an effective medium or continuum approximation can be adopted to study the wave properties and accurately predict the wave speeds. In this frequency range, there is much in common with the properties of low frequency phonons in atomic crystals, where phonon focusing phenomena have been systematically studied [22]. Recently, low frequency 2D sonic crystal refractive acoustic devices for airborne sound have been demonstrated [10] and theoretically analyzed [11] at wavelengths well below the first acoustic band gap. Also, a theory for tailoring sonic devices with dimensions on the order of several wavelengths has been investigated, where image formation was shown to occur predominantly through a diffraction mechanism rather than by refraction [12]. By contrast, much less is known about the behavior at higher frequencies in pass bands where the wavelengths can be much less than the lattice constant. In this Letter, we ...