Erratum: Sheep don’t forget a face

Kendrick, Keith M.; Costa, Ana P. da; Leigh, Andrea E.; Hinton, Michael R.; Peirce, Jonathan W.

doi:10.1038/nature05882

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Sheep are an accessible experimental species and have been used extensively to model a number of neurological conditions, including non-accidental head injury (Sandoz et al, 2012; Anderson et al, 2014), TBI (Vink et al, 2008; Vink et al, 2017), and Huntington’s Disease (Reid et al, 2013; Morton et al, 2014). Although sheep have earned a reputation as unintelligent animals, the evidence is quite to the contrary, as sheep demonstrate excellent facial recognition, executive decision making and emotional processing, often comparable to humans on equivalent tasks (Tate et al, 2006; Keith et al, 2007; Morton and Avanzo, 2011). Specifically, the high proportion of white to gray matter in the sheep brain is of particular benefit when studying the pathophysiology of edema and ICP, given that edematous fluid accumulates in the white matter following ischaemic stroke (Jha, 2003; Mahajan and Bhagat, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining the Temporal Profile of Intracranial Pressure Changes Following Transient Stroke in an Ovine Model

et al. 2019

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Background and Purpose Cerebral edema and elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) are the leading cause of death in the first week following stroke. Despite this, current treatments are limited and fail to address the underlying mechanisms of swelling, highlighting the need for targeted treatments. When screening promising novel agents, it is essential to use clinically relevant large animal models to increase the likelihood of successful clinical translation. As such, we sought to develop a survival model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) in the sheep and subsequently characterize the temporal profile of cerebral edema and elevated ICP following stroke in this novel, clinically relevant model. Methods Merino-sheep (27M;31F) were anesthetized and subject to 2 h tMCAO with reperfusion or sham surgery. Following surgery, animals were allowed to recover and returned to their home pens. At preselected times points ranging from 1 to 7 days post-stroke, animals were re-anesthetized, ICP measured for 4 h, followed by imaging with MRI to determine cerebral edema, midline shift and infarct volume (FLAIR, T2 and DWI). Animals were subsequently euthanized and their brain removed for immunohistochemical analysis. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples were also collected and analyzed for substance P (SP) using ELISA. Results Intracranial pressure and MRI scans were normal in sham animals. Following stroke, ICP rose gradually over time and by 5 days was significantly ( p < 0.0001) elevated above sham levels. Profound cerebral edema was observed as early as 2 days post-stroke and continued to evolve out to 6 days, resulting in significant midline shift which was most prominent at 5 days post-stroke ( p < 0.01), in keeping with increasing ICP. Serum SP levels were significantly elevated ( p < 0.01) by 7 days post-tMCAO. Conclusion We have successfully developed a survival model of ovine tMCAO and characterized the temporal profile of ICP. Peak ICP elevation, cerebral edema and midline shift occurred at days 5–6 following stroke, accompanied by an elevation in serum SP. Our findings suggest that novel therapeutic agents screened in this model targeting cerebral edema and elevated ICP would most likely be effective when administered prior to 5 days, or as early as possible following stroke onset.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining the Temporal Profile of Intracranial Pressure Changes Following Transient Stroke in an Ovine Model

et al. 2019

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“…Even juvenile pigs can discriminate equally familiar conspecifics (58) and they may use their knowledge to adjust their foraging tactics to whom they are with (59). However, the extent to which individual recognition of all group members is plausible in groups of 50 or more individuals, as is the case in sheep (60), is unknown. Fraser and Broom (61) estimated that pigs may recognise between 20 and 30 counterparts and Verdon and Rault (62) suggested that individual recognition might be less likely in unnaturally large group sizes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social status and previous experience in the group as predictors of long-term welfare of sows housed in large semi-static groups

Brajon

Ahloy‐Dallaire

Devillers

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Mixing gestating sows implies hierarchy formation and has detrimental consequences on welfare. The effects of social stress on the most vulnerable individuals may be underestimated and it is therefore important to evaluate welfare between individuals within groups. This study aimed at investigating the impact of social status and previous experience in the group on well-being of sows housed in large semi-static groups (20 groups of 46-91 animals). We assessed aggression (d0 (mixing), d2, d27, d29), body lesions (d1, d26, d84) and feeding order. Social status was based on the proportion of fights won during a 6-hr observation period between d0 and d2. Dominants (29%) were those who won more fights than they lost, Subdominants (25%) won fewer fights than they lost, Losers (23%) never won any fight in which they were involved while Avoiders (23%) were never involved in fights. Resident sows (70%) were already present in the group in the previous gestation while New sows (30%) were newly introduced at mixing. Subdominants and Dominants were highly involved in fights around mixing but this was more detrimental for Subdominants than Dominants, Losers and Avoiders since they had the highest body lesion scores at mixing. Avoiders received less non-reciprocal agonistic acts than Losers on d2 (P=0.0001) and had the lowest body lesion scores after mixing. However, Avoiders and Losers were more at risk in the long-term since they had the highest body lesions scores at d26 and d84. They were followed by Subdominants and then Dominants. New sows fought more (P<0.0001), tended to be involved in longer fights (P=0.075) around mixing and had more body lesions throughout gestation than Resident sows. Feeding order from one-month post-mixing was influenced both by the previous experience in the group and social status (P<0.0001). New sows, especially with a low social status, are more vulnerable throughout gestation and could serve as indicators of non-optimal conditions.

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“…Sheep are also commonly used as cardiovascular models for applying artificial replacement devices [ 32 ] and also in studies of female fertility and pregnancy disorders [ 33 , 34 ]. Other relevant works in the field of cognition have allowed to realize that sheep can be good models of study in the mechanisms of decision-making, facial recognition and triggering emotions [ 35 , 36 , 37 ]. The genome of the domestic sheep has already been sequenced, unlike that of the goat.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small Ruminants and Its Use in Regenerative Medicine: Recent Works and Future Perspectives

Alvites

Branquinho

Sousa

et al. 2021

Biology

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Medical and translational scientific research requires the use of animal models as an initial approach to the study of new therapies and treatments, but when the objective is an exploration of translational potentialities, classical models fail to adequately mimic problems in humans. Among the larger animal models that have been explored more intensely in recent decades, small ruminants, namely sheep and goats, have emerged as excellent options. The main advantages associated to the use of these animals in research works are related to their anatomy and dimensions, larger than conventional laboratory animals, but very similar to those of humans in most physiological systems, in addition to their low maintenance and feeding costs, tendency to be docile, long life expectancies and few ethical complications raised in society. The most obvious disadvantages are the significant differences in some systems such as the gastrointestinal, and the reduced amount of data that limits the comparison between works and the validation of the characterization essays. Despite everything, recently these species have been increasingly used as animal models for diseases in different systems, and the results obtained open doors for their more frequent and advantageous use in the future. The purpose of this review is to summarize the general principles related to the use of small ruminants as animal models, with a focus on regenerative medicine, to group the most relevant works and results published recently and to highlight the potentials for the near future in medical research.

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Erratum: Sheep don’t forget a face

Cited by 4 publications

References 1 publication

Determining the Temporal Profile of Intracranial Pressure Changes Following Transient Stroke in an Ovine Model

Determining the Temporal Profile of Intracranial Pressure Changes Following Transient Stroke in an Ovine Model

Social status and previous experience in the group as predictors of long-term welfare of sows housed in large semi-static groups

Small Ruminants and Its Use in Regenerative Medicine: Recent Works and Future Perspectives

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