“…[38][39][40][41] Due to lipid headgroup-water electrostatics, water OH chromophores on average point upwards near negatively charged interfaces and point downwards near positively charged interfaces, resulting respectively in positive and negative SFG spectra. 20,24,42,43 The SFG spectrum for water at a zwitterionic interface is similar to the anionic case, indicating average upward orientation of OH chromophores. However, the peak height of the spectrum depends on lipid headgroup-water hydrogen bonding as well as the ionic strength of the solution.…”