Erratum: Elshazli et al. Laser Surface Modification of TC21 (α/β) Titanium Alloy Using a Direct Energy Deposition (DED) Process. Micromachines 2021, 12, 739

Elshazli, Ahmed Magdi; Elshaer, Ramadan N.; Al-Shatri, Hussein; Al-Sayed, Samar Reda

doi:10.3390/mi12091078

Micromachines

2021

DOI: 10.3390/mi12091078

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Erratum: Elshazli et al. Laser Surface Modification of TC21 (α/β) Titanium Alloy Using a Direct Energy Deposition (DED) Process. Micromachines 2021, 12, 739

Ahmed Magdi Elshazli

Ramadan N. Elshaer

Hussein Al-Shatri

et al.

Abstract: In the original article [...]

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Cited by 5 publications

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“…In addition, the new phases in the metal matrix coating (MMC) layers were found to be strongly dependent on the heat input amount. In the research of Elshazli et al, [24] laser cladding was performed by applying different WC percentages with stellite-6 (Co-based alloy) to the surfaces of TC21 titanium alloy. The authors reported that the wear resistance of the deposited layer was significantly improved, as reflected by a decrease in the samples' wear weight loss by 99 pct.…”

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Novel Surface Topography and Microhardness Characterization of Laser Clad Layer on TC4 Titanium Alloy Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Machine Learning

Al-Sayed

Samad²,

Mohamed³

et al. 2022

Metall Mater Trans A

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This study was performed to characterize surface topography and microhardness of 40 wt pct NiCrBSiC-60 wt pct WC hard coating on TC4 titanium after coaxial laser cladding via Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and machine learning. The high content of the hard WC particles is accomplished to enhance the abrasion wear resistance of such alloy. Various powder feeding rates were carried out during laser cladding process. The energy-dispersive X-ray analysis assured that W content in the metal matrix notably increased from 26.19 to 53.49 pct while the Ti content decreased from about 15.16 to 0.46 pct for the clad layer processed at 20 and 60 g min−1, respectively. The LIBS measurements successfully estimated such elements’ concentration as well as the clad layers' topography indicating that the effect of material matrix is a crucial challenge. Therefore, canonical correlation analysis and Belsley collinearity diagnostics were established to identify the essential emission lines from the whole spectra. Then, an optimized adaptive boosted random forest classifier was developed for microhardness investigation, with accuracy, sensitivity, and F1 score values of 0.9667. The results, confirmed by the metallurgical study, clarified that most of the titanium and tungsten emission lines have a significant impact on the surface topography as well as the microhardness values. The misclassification was attributed to the matrix effect such that the samples processed at 40 and 60 g min−1 were comparable in microstructure and chemical characterization unlike the one processed at 20 g min−1. Vickers microhardness of the metal matrix coating increased with the increase in the powder feeding rate, which is assured by the quantitative classification model. Graphical Abstract

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confidence: 99%

Novel Surface Topography and Microhardness Characterization of Laser Clad Layer on TC4 Titanium Alloy Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Machine Learning

Al-Sayed

Samad²,

Mohamed³

et al. 2022

Metall Mater Trans A

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Microstructural and wear properties of WC-12Co cemented carbide fabricated by direct energy deposition

Kim

Kale

Cho

et al. 2023

Wear

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Effect of oxide layers formed by thermal oxidation on mechanical properties and NaCl-induced hot corrosion behavior of TC21 Ti-alloy

Ahmed

El-Zomor

Ghazala

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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In the current study on TC21 Ti-alloy (6.5Al–3Mo–1.9Nb–2.2Sn–2.2Zr–1.5Cr), the thermal oxidation formed oxide layers that considerably influenced mechanical properties (hardness and wear). TC21 specimens were oxidized at 600, 700, 800, and 900 °C for 5, 20, and 50 h. NaCl-induced hot corrosion testing was carried out on raw (un-oxidized) and oxidized specimens at 600 and 800 °C for 50 h. The cyclic testing was performed at 600 °C for durations of 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 h. The average thickness of the layer grew with increasing oxidation time and temperature. A thin oxide layer (average 0.16 µm) was generated by oxidation at a temperature of 600 °C for a duration of 5 h, and at 800 °C, a large oxide layer of 10.8 µm thickness was formed. The most significant surface hardness of 1000 ± 150 HV0.05 was produced for the layer oxidized at 900 °C. On the other hand, the lowest hardness of 360 ± 150 HV0.05 was recorded for the raw materials. Best wear resistance had been achieved for specimens oxidized at 800 °C. During NaCl hot corrosion test, the weight loss of the raw specimen was 6.4 mg/cm2 due to the flaking off of the corrosion product. However, for specimens oxidized at 600 °C for 50 h, weight loss after corrosion testing was 0.54 mg/cm2, less than that of the specimen before corrosion. Oxidized specimens at 800 °C exhibited the best mechanical characteristics and corrosion resistance.

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Erratum: Elshazli et al. Laser Surface Modification of TC21 (α/β) Titanium Alloy Using a Direct Energy Deposition (DED) Process. Micromachines 2021, 12, 739

Abstract: In the original article [...]

Cited by 5 publications

References 1 publication

Novel Surface Topography and Microhardness Characterization of Laser Clad Layer on TC4 Titanium Alloy Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Machine Learning

Novel Surface Topography and Microhardness Characterization of Laser Clad Layer on TC4 Titanium Alloy Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Machine Learning

Microstructural and wear properties of WC-12Co cemented carbide fabricated by direct energy deposition

Effect of oxide layers formed by thermal oxidation on mechanical properties and NaCl-induced hot corrosion behavior of TC21 Ti-alloy

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