Erratum: Corrigendum: Laterodorsal tegmentum interneuron subtypes oppositely regulate olfactory cue-induced innate fear

Control of defensive behavior by the nucleus of Darkschewitsch GABAergic neurons

“…6G–M ). Although previous studies have shown the reciprocal connections between SOM + and PV + neurons within the cortex or brainstem nucleus and their opposite roles in modulating conditioned social fear or innate fear [ 11 , 66 ], activation of PV + GABAergic neurons in the ND had no effect on freezing regulation (Fig. 6C–F ).…”

“…Previous studies showed that foot shocks (painful stimulation) and predator-odorant trimethylthiazoline (TMT) successfully provoke a freezing behavior in free-behaving mice [ 1 , 3 , 8 , 10 , 11 ]. To explore the common freezing center in the mouse brain, we first examined Fos protein expression in the whole brain with the existence of freezing induced by foot shocks or TMT.…”

“…3D ). Previous studies have shown that fearful stimulation rapidly induces defensive behavior and alters the autonomic nervous system in mice [ 11 , 20 , 21 ]. The activation of ND GABA neurons indeed resulted in changes in autonomic functions, including a significant increase in pupil size (Fig.…”

“…We unexpectedly found that the ND, as a downstream target of the lPAG, specifically mediates freezing-like defensive behavior through its inhibitory projections to the GiV (a subregion of the medulla), in part at least. We discovered that selective activation of ND GABA neurons is sufficient to induce freezing-like behavior evaluated by previous studies [ 55 , 56 ]: (i) defensive behaviors such as freezing [ 21 ]; (ii) altering autonomic function such as changing heart rate during fear and anxiety [ 11 ]; (iii) pupil size, which is greatly increased during fear and aggression [ 57 , 58 ], but is strongly reduced during drowsiness and sleep [ 59 , 60 ]; and (iv) EEG (electroencephalogram) and EMG (electromyography)recording [ 11 , 27 , 28 , 31 ]. Moreover, the ND GABA neurons have connections with many fearful-behavior-related brain regions (Figs 4 and 5 ; i.e.…”

GABAergic retinal ganglion cells regulate innate defensive responses

“…The superior colliculus reportedly participates in the processing of innate fear-related signals and the execution of subsequent behavior outputs. There is additional evidence that could reveal the function of central GABAergic neurons in defensive processes, such as predator-odor-evoked innate fear [4]. The looming stimulus-induced flight response in mice has been established as an effective model for studying innate defensive behaviors [5].…”