“…It is capable of driving transcriptional control of mitochondrial biogenesis through direct interaction with, and coactivation of, PPARs (Madrazo and Kelly, 2008), estrogen-related receptors (ERRs; Schreiber et al, 2004; Eichner and Giguère, 2011), nuclear respiratory factors (NRF-1/NRF-2; Wu et al, 1999; Scarpulla, 2011) and the transcription factor yin-yang one (YY1; Basu et al, 1997; Seelan and Grossman, 1997; Cunningham et al, 2007; Xi et al, 2007), which are important nuclear transcription factors controlling mitochondrial metabolism (Scarpulla et al, 2012). PGC-1 α is also an inducible responder to cellular energetic and metabolic stress, such as cold exposure (Puigserver et al, 1998; Uldry et al, 2006; Fisher et al, 2012), nutrient deprivation (Herzig et al, 2001; Yoon et al, 2001; Handschin et al, 2005; Rhee et al, 2006) and exercise (Baar et al, 2002; Handschin and Spiegelman, 2008) and is dynamically regulated in response to a variety of signaling pathways involved in cellular growth, differentiation and energy metabolism. Additionally, a large amount of evidence suggests that PGC-1 α links mitochondrial biogenesis and the response to oxidative stress.…”