Erosion/Abrasion-Preventing Potential of NaF and F/Sn/Chitosan Toothpastes in Dentine and Impact of the Organic Matrix

Abstract

The study investigated the erosion/abrasion-preventing potential of experimental NaF (1,400 ppm F^-) and amine fluoride (AmF)/NaF/SnCl₂/chitosan (1,400 ppm F^-, 3,500 ppm Sn²⁺, 0.5% chitosan) toothpastes relative to placebo and SnF₂ gel (970 ppm F^-, 3,000 ppm Sn²⁺), and the impact of the demineralised dentine matrix on toothpaste effects. The study was a cyclic erosion/intervention experiment (10 days). Samples were stored in mineral salt solution either without or with collagenase (from Clostridium histolyticum type VII; 100 U/ml) for continuous removal of the organic matrix. To produce a comparable order of tissue loss, erosion was performed 6 × 30 s/day with 0.5% citric acid in the latter and 6 × 90 s/day with 1% citric acid in the former. Intervention was toothpaste slurry immersion (2 × 2 min/day); half of the samples were additionally brushed for 15 s within this time (brushing machine, load 200 g). Tissue loss was determined profilometrically (mean ± SD; µm). Tissue loss values (without/with brushing) for placebo, NaF, AmF/NaF/SnCl₂/chitosan and SnF₂ gel, respectively, were 11.6 ± 3.1/12.2 ± 2.5, 12.7 ± 3.1/10.7 ± 4.5, 8.7 ± 2.1/9.7 ± 2.1 and 8.8 ± 1.8/​10.9 ± 1.8 in the presence of the organic matrix and 10.7 ± 3.2/11.9 ± 2.1, 8.2 ± 4.0/10.1 ± 4.1, 8.7 ± 2.9/9.1 ± 1.8 and 8.4 ± 1.9/7.5 ± 1.5 in the absence of the organic matrix. Relative to placebo, the NaF formulation had no significant effects; the AmF/NaF/SnCl₂/chitosan formulation significantly reduced tissue loss between 20 and 25% except when applied without brushing in the absence of the organic matrix. The effects of the formulations were similar both in the presence and absence of the organic matrix. Sn²⁺/F^--​containing formulations have the potential to reduce erosion/abrasion even in the absence of demineralised collagen; seeking for more effective formulations is desirable.

NaF Inhibits Matrix-Bound Cathepsin-Mediated Dentin Matrix Degradation

“…Recent studies have reported that fluoride prevents tissue loss from the partially demineralized dentin when subjected to acid attack under erosive conditions [Schlueter et al, 2007[Schlueter et al, , 2009Diamanti et al, 2010;Ganss et al, 2010]. This protective effect may depend on several factors, such as the type of fluoride compound [Wiegand et al, 2009;Ganss et al, 2010Ganss et al, , 2014, fluoride concentration [Diamanti et al, 2010], exposure time and exposure vehicle [Maggio et al, 2010;Magalhães et al, 2010Magalhães et al, , 2012. Even though the protective effect is thought to be derived from enhanced remineralization of dentin due to the formation of fluoridated hydroxyapatite, the protection of collagen matrix against enzymatic degradation may also contribute to the overall efficiency of fluoride ions, which has recently been shown as a potent inhibitor of the catalytic activities of recombinant MMPs [Kato et al, 2014].…”

Efficacy of stannous, fluoride and their their combination in dentin erosion prevention in vitro

“…23 The Sn and F concentrations used were based on commercially available mouth rinses and were similar to those in previous reports. 7,11,24,25 Furthermore, the pH for all solutions was adjusted to 4.5 to compare the treatment solutions and to maintain product stability. 7,11,24,25 The stannous-containing solutions could be prepared only as acidic formulations because stannous is highly reactive at a neutral pH and will react to form complexes (SnF 2 (OH) 2 and SnO 2 ) after a short duration.…”

“…7,11,24,25 Furthermore, the pH for all solutions was adjusted to 4.5 to compare the treatment solutions and to maintain product stability. 7,11,24,25 The stannous-containing solutions could be prepared only as acidic formulations because stannous is highly reactive at a neutral pH and will react to form complexes (SnF 2 (OH) 2 and SnO 2 ) after a short duration. 26 Moreover, previous studies employed different fluoride compounds, such as SnF 2 and AmF, with the latter also being used to stabilize SnCl 2 in solution.…”

In vitro Efficacy of Experimental Chitosan-Containing Solutions as Anti-Erosive Agents in Enamel

“…The study design was chosen according to current recommendations for erosion and erosion/abrasion studies [Shellis et al, 2011;Wiegand and Attin, 2011] as well as to previously performed studies in order to achieve comparability [Ganss et al, 2012[Ganss et al, , 2014. The fluoride-free toothpaste was used as the impact of the active agents in the solutions on its own should be investigated without any interference from additional active agents in the toothpaste.…”