Erl1, a Novel Era-Like GTPase from <i>Magnaporthe oryzae</i>, Is Required for Full Root Virulence and Is Conserved in the Mutualistic Symbiont <i>Glomus intraradices</i>

Heupel, Stephanie; Roser, Birgit; Kühn, Harald; Lebrun, Marc; Villalba, François; Requena, Natalia

doi:10.1094/mpmi-23-1-0067

Cited by 29 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Nevertheless, disease symptoms also develop on roots but occur only after prolonged cocultivation of more than 2 weeks (Dufresne and Osbourn, 2001;Sesma and Osbourn, 2004;Heupel et al, 2010). Similar to M. oryzae, the hemibiotrophic pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola, which causes anthracnose leaf blight in maize, also infects roots and spreads to aerial parts of the plant; however, the fungal lifestyle in roots is unknown (Sukno et al, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the intraradical development of the fungus has not been fully characterized. Standard microscopy investigations have lead to the suggestion that the fungus passes the rhizodermis and the root cortex by inter-and intracellular growth, likely following a hemibiotrophic strategy comparable to that in leaves (Sesma and Osbourn, 2004;Heupel et al, 2010;Tucker et al, 2010). Furthermore, the fungus has been observed finally to enter into the central cylinder of the root from where it systemically spreads throughout the plant (Sesma and Osbourn, 2004), and, following prolonged cocultivation of 2 to 4 weeks, blast symptoms have been observed on both roots and on aerial organs of root-inoculated plants, thereby revealing that although symptom development occurs considerably slower than on leaves, the fungus has the ability to cause disease on roots and systemically (Sesma and Osbourn, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tissue-Adapted Invasion Strategies of the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae

et al. 2010

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Magnaporthe oryzae causes rice blast, the most serious foliar fungal disease of cultivated rice (Oryza sativa). During hemibiotrophic leaf infection, the pathogen simultaneously combines biotrophic and necrotrophic growth. Here, we provide cytological and molecular evidence that, in contrast to leaf tissue infection, the fungus adopts a uniquely biotrophic infection strategy in roots for a prolonged period and spreads without causing a loss of host cell viability. Consistent with a biotrophic lifestyle, intracellularly growing hyphae of M. oryzae are surrounded by a plant-derived membrane. Global, temporal gene expression analysis used to monitor rice responses to progressive root infection revealed a rapid but transient induction of basal defense-related gene transcripts, indicating perception of the pathogen by the rice root. Early defense gene induction was followed by suppression at the onset of intracellular fungal growth, consistent with the biotrophic nature of root invasion. By contrast, during foliar infection, the vast majority of these transcripts continued to accumulate or increased in abundance. Furthermore, induction of necrotrophy-associated genes during early tissue penetration, previously observed in infected leaves, was not seen in roots. Collectively, our results not only report a global characterization of transcriptional root responses to a biotrophic fungal pathogen but also provide initial evidence for tissue-adapted fungal infection strategies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tissue-Adapted Invasion Strategies of the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae

et al. 2010

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“…Deletion of ERL1 significantly reduced root browning when M. oryzae was inoculated on the root (699). The gene GIN-N from the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus intraradices, which is presumed to play a role in establishing compatibility with the plant, complemented the defect of ERL1 deletion in root disease when expressed under control of the ERL1 promoter, suggesting that this protein is involved in mechanisms for root colonization that are conserved between symbiotic and pathogenic fungi (699).…”

Section: Ras-gtpasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Genomes of Three Uneven Siblings: Footprints of the Lifestyles of Three Trichoderma Species

Schmoll

Dattenböck

Carreras-Villaseñor

et al. 2016

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

163

195

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SUMMARYThe genusTrichodermacontains fungi with high relevance for humans, with applications in enzyme production for plant cell wall degradation and use in biocontrol. Here, we provide a broad, comprehensive overview of the genomic content of these species for “hot topic” research aspects, including CAZymes, transport, transcription factors, and development, along with a detailed analysis and annotation of less-studied topics, such as signal transduction, genome integrity, chromatin, photobiology, or lipid, sulfur, and nitrogen metabolism inT. reesei,T. atroviride, andT. virens, and we open up new perspectives to those topics discussed previously. In total, we covered more than 2,000 of the predicted 9,000 to 11,000 genes of eachTrichodermaspecies discussed, which is >20% of the respective gene content. Additionally, we considered available transcriptome data for the annotated genes. Highlights of our analyses include overall carbohydrate cleavage preferences due to the different genomic contents and regulation of the respective genes. We found light regulation of many sulfur metabolic genes. Additionally, a new Golgi 1,2-mannosidase likely involved inN-linked glycosylation was detected, as were indications for the ability ofTrichodermaspp. to generate hybrid galactose-containingN-linked glycans. The genomic inventory of effector proteins revealed numerous compounds unique toTrichoderma, and these warrant further investigation. We found interesting expansions in theTrichodermagenus in several signaling pathways, such as G-protein-coupled receptors, RAS GTPases, and casein kinases. A particularly interesting feature absolutely unique toT. atrovirideis the duplication of the alternative sulfur amino acid synthesis pathway.

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“…Many of these are genes associated with defense responses of plants and it is reported that the initial stages of colonization by the fungal symbiont and biotrophic pathogens are similar. 11 Some genes are associated with nutrient exchange that occurs between the two symbiont partners and include a low affinity phosphate transporter and genes involved in sugar and nitrogen metabolism. 12 A few transcription factor genes are also induced by AM colonization, which are either related to regulation of expression of defense genes or genes involved in alteration of growth patterns in mycorrhizal roots.…”

Section: Reduced Mycorrhizal Colonization (Rmc) Tomato Mutant Lacks Ementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plants are known to develop similar defense responses to biotrophic pathogenic and symbiotic fungi. 11 For example, rice roots colonized by AM fungi were known to produce PR proteins like chitinases, which can hydrolyse fungal cell walls. 21 PGT has been reported to be induced in response to systemic pathogen infection in tomato.…”

Section: Short Communicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced mycorrhizal colonization (rmc) tomato mutant lacks expression of SymRK signaling pathway genes

Nair

Bhargava

2012

Plant Signaling & Behavior

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Arbscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, unlike rhizobial symbiosis that is observed only in four orders of the eurosid dicots.1 AM symbiosis involves provision of mineral nutrients to the plant by the fungus, which in turn derives carbon compounds from the plant.2 Other benefits of the symbiosis to plants include improved water relations and tolerance to some plant diseases.3 The fungal hyphae penetrate the root epidermis, spread inter-cellularly in the cortex and form arbuscules in the root cells of the inner cortex. Arbuscules are highly branched hyphal structures that are separated from the plant cytoplasm by a perifungal membrane. 4 They are the main sites where nutrient exchange between the symbiotic partners occurs and their formation signifies the establishment of functional symbiosis.Molecular events occurring during AM symbiosis have been studied in legumes, which also show an elaborate signaling pathway for establishing nodulation symbiosis.5 Two genes, NFR1 and NFR5 encoding receptor-like serine/threonine kinases with LysM domains, are involved in nodulation (Nod) factor perception in Lotus japonicus.6 Several downstream components of the Nod factor signaling cascade include the leucine-rich-repeat receptor kinase SYMRK, which is known to be involved in AM symbiosis besides nodulation symbiosis and is thought to act near the junction of fungal and rhizobial signaling cascades. 7Activation of SYMRK causes a transient increase in intracellular calcium levels. Downstream components of this signaling pathway include a calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase (CCAMK ) and a protein CYCLOPS, whose function is notComparison of the expression of 13 genes involved in arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) symbiosis was performed in a wild type tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. 76r) and its reduced mycorrhizal colonization mutant rmc in response to colonization with Glomus fasiculatum. Four defense-related genes were induced to a similar extent in the mutant and wild type am colonized plants, indicating a systemic response to am colonization. Genes related to nutrient exchange between the symbiont partners showed higher expression in the am roots of wild type plants than the mutant plants, which correlated with their arbuscular frequency. a symbiosis receptor kinase that is involved in both nodulation and am symbiosis was not expressed in the rmc mutant. the fact that some colonization was observed in rmc was suggestive of the existence of an alternate colonization signaling pathway for am symbiosis in this mutant.

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Erl1, a Novel Era-Like GTPase from Magnaporthe oryzae, Is Required for Full Root Virulence and Is Conserved in the Mutualistic Symbiont Glomus intraradices

Cited by 29 publications

References 52 publications

Tissue-Adapted Invasion Strategies of the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae

Tissue-Adapted Invasion Strategies of the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae

The Genomes of Three Uneven Siblings: Footprints of the Lifestyles of Three Trichoderma Species

Reduced mycorrhizal colonization (rmc) tomato mutant lacks expression of SymRK signaling pathway genes

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