Ergovaline stability in tall fescue based on sample handling and storage methods

Abstract

Ergovaline is an ergot alkaloid produced by the endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum (Morgan-Jones and Gams) found in tall fescue [Schedonorus arundinacea (Schreb.) Dumort.] and blamed for a multitude of livestock disorders. Ergovaline is known to be unstable and affected by many variables. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of sample handling and storage on the stability of ergovaline in tall fescue samples. Fresh tall fescue was collected from a horse farm in central Kentucky at three harvest dates and transported on ice to the University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. Plant material was frozen in liquid nitrogen, milled and mixed before being allocated into different sub-samples. Three sub-samples were assigned to each of 14 sample handling or storage treatments. Sample handling included increased heat and UV light to simulate transportation in a vehicle and on ice in a cooler per standard transportation recommendations. Storage conditions included storage at 22°C, 5°C, and −20°C for up to 28 days. Each sub-sample was then analyzed for ergovaline concentration using HPLC with fluorescence detection and this experiment was repeated for each harvest date. Sub-samples exposed to UV light and heat lost a significant fraction of ergovaline in 2 h, while sub-samples stored on ice in a cooler showed no change in ergovaline in 2 h. All sub-samples stored at 22°C, 5°C, and −20°C lost a significant fraction of ergovaline in the first 24 h of storage. There was little change in ergovaline in the freezer (−20°C) after the first 24 h up to 28 days of storage but intermittent losses were observed at 22°C and 5°C. To obtain results that most closely represent levels in the field, all samples should be transported on ice to the laboratory immediately after harvest for same day analysis. If immediate testing is not possible, samples should be stored at −20°C until analysis.

A Simple LC–MS Method for the Quantitation of Alkaloids in Endophyte-Infected Perennial Ryegrass

“…An analytical standard was not available for ergovaline, so quantitation was performed using another ergopeptine, ergotamine, which is not naturally produced by the endophyte [30]. Ergot alkaloids, including ergotamine, are susceptible to epimerization [14,47,48]. The extent of epimerization depends on many variables including light, heat and the amount of time the compound has been dissolved in solution [47,49].…”

Activities and Effects of Ergot Alkaloids on Livestock Physiology and Production

“…Variations in ergot alkaloid type and concentration in the live plant [ 18 , 19 ] and in harvested plants [ 20 ] that are available for consumption will contribute to a varied alkaloid dose, but not necessarily account for the multiplicity of effects that have been generally attributed to ergotism in livestock. Rather, this diversity of effects is due to an interruption of a number of different biological processes by ergot alkaloids.…”

Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue Affects Rumen Microbiota in Grazing Ewes at Gestation and Lactation

“…One of the most common classes of mycotoxins associated with N. coenophialum include ergot alkaloids, in which toxicity is typically characterized within livestock by reduced weight gain and volatile fatty acid absorption, restricted blood flow, and reduced reproductive rates ( 7 , 8 ). Ergovaline is the main ergopeptine alkaloid produced in the endophyte-infected tall fescue, and is considered the primary causative agent of fescue toxicosis in livestock ( 9 , 10 ). It has been proposed that mechanistically, the structure of ergot alkaloids enables these compounds to act as sympathetic monoamine mimetics for host receptors ( 11 ).…”