Ergot Alkaloids: Chemistry, Biosynthesis, Bioactivity, and Methods of Analysis

Arroyo‐Manzanares, Natalia; Gámiz‐Gracia, Laura; Garcı́a-Campaña, Ana M.; Mavungu, José Diana Di; Saeger, Sarah De

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-25001-4_1

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 162 publications

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“…EAs are indole derivatives that present diverse structures but share a common tetracyclic ergoline ring system methylated on nitrogen N6 and different substitutions on C8. Most important EAs are derivatives of lysergic acid, and their toxicity is linked to their structural similarity with dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline and serotonin, enabling binding to the biogenic amine receptor and the interruption of neurotransmission 1–3 . Although based on median lethal dose (LD 50 ) EAs exhibit moderate oral acute toxicity, the ingestion of contaminated cereals might cause adverse health effects in humans and animals, as the well‐known ergotism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of principal ergot alkaloids in swine feeding

et al. 2021

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BACKGROUND Ergot alkaloids are secondary metabolites produced by fungi in the genus Claviceps. They contaminate a large variety of cereals, such as rye, triticale, wheat and barley. The ingestion of contaminated cereals might cause adverse health effects in humans and animals. In fact, pigs, cattle, sheep, and poultry are involved in sporadic outbreaks and, although there are several studies about occurrence of ergot alkaloids in grain cereals, there are scarce studies focused on compound feed. RESULTS Twelve ergot alkaloids have been quantified in 228 feed samples intended for swine. The analytes were extracted using QuEChERS with Z‐Sep+ as sorbent in the clean‐up step, which reduced the matrix effect, allowing limits of quantification between 2.1 and 21.7 μg kg–1. The analytes were subsequently quantified by ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS). A total of 29 samples (12.7%) revealed contamination by at least one ergot alkaloid, and among contaminated samples, 65% were contaminated by more than one. Only 6 of 12 target ergot alkaloids showed concentrations above the limit of quantification. The concentrations for individual ergot alkaloids ranged between 5.9 μg kg–1 for ergosinine to 145.3 μg kg–1 for ergometrine (the predominant ergot alkaloid), while the total ergot alkaloid content ranged from 5.9 to 158.7 μg kg–1. CONCLUSIONS The occurrence of ergot alkaloids in feed samples in Spain seems to be lower than in other regions of Europe. All the samples fulfilled current recommendations of the feed industry about practical limits for ergot alkaloids in pig feeds. This suggests that the feeds are safe for pig consumption, regarding the presence of ergot alkaloids. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of principal ergot alkaloids in swine feeding

et al. 2021

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“…Moreover, a sample treatment is required before determination to remove interferences and pre-concentrate the analytes. These treatments are usually based on a solid-liquid extraction followed by liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) or solid phase extraction (SPE) for cleaning-up [ 16 , 17 , 18 ]. Several reviews have covered the different methods for the determination of EAs in foodstuff [ 17 , 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Ergot Alkaloids in Barley and Wheat from Algeria

Carbonell‐Rozas

Mahdjoubi

Arroyo‐Manzanares

et al. 2021

Toxins

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The natural occurrence of six major ergot alkaloids, ergometrine, ergosine, ergotamine, ergocornine, ergokryptine and ergocristine, as well as their corresponding epimers, were investigated in 60 cereal samples (barley and wheat) from Algeria. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) and a QuEChERS extraction method were used for sample analysis. The results revealed that 12 out of 60 samples (20%) were contaminated with ergot alkaloids. Wheat was the most contaminated matrix, with an incidence of 26.7% (8 out of 30 samples). The concentration of total ergot alkaloids ranged from 17.8 to 53.9 µg/kg for barley and from 3.66 to 76.0 μg/kg for wheat samples. Ergosine, ergokryptine and ergocristine showed the highest incidences in wheat, while ergometrine was the most common ergot in barley.

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“…The -inine epimers are described to be biologically inactive; however, due to the frequent interconversion under common conditions, both forms (-ine and -inine) have been included in the EFSA risk assessment. , Thus, the stability and degree of epimerization of the six major EAs have to be considered during their analysis . In this regard, a great variety of analytical methods to determine the main EAs together with their corresponding epimers have been developed and summarized in several reviews. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Ergot Alkaloids in Major and Minor Cereals from Northern Italy: A Three Harvesting Years Scenario

Carbonell-Rozas,

Alabrese,

Meloni

et al. 2023

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Ergot alkaloids (EAs), mycotoxins produced mainly by fungi of the Claviceps genus, have been frequently reported in rye, while their increasingly frequent occurrence in other cereals is likely related to weather conditions, with the incidence of ergot sclerotia in winter grains being related to heavy rainfall and moist soils at critical periods. However, compared to other regulated mycotoxins, data about the prevalence and occurrence of EAs in major and minor cereals harvested in the Mediterranean growing areas are still scant. In this regard, the current study reported the occurrence of EAs in 18 genotypes of winter cereals harvested over 3 years from an experimental field located in North Italy which were analyzed by HPLC−MS/MS. Results indicate a widespread occurrence of all the major EAs in all the considered cereal crops, especially under supportive meteorological conditions. EA contamination was dependent on the harvest year (p < 0.0001) which was particularly high in 2020 for all the considered species. The results also demonstrated a large co-occurrence of EAs with 98 cereal samples out of 162 contaminated with at least one of the 12 EAs (60% positive samples) in the range LOD: 15,389 μg/kg (median value: 2.32 μg/kg), expressed as the sum of the EAs. Rye was confirmed to be the crop more susceptible to the fungal infection (EAs content up to 4,302 μg/kg). To the best of our knowledge, we have reported the accumulation of EAs in tritordeum (LOD: 15,389 μg/kg) and in emmer (LOD: 1.9 μg/kg) for the first time.

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Ergot Alkaloids: Chemistry, Biosynthesis, Bioactivity, and Methods of Analysis

Cited by 5 publications

References 162 publications

Determination of principal ergot alkaloids in swine feeding

Determination of principal ergot alkaloids in swine feeding

Occurrence of Ergot Alkaloids in Barley and Wheat from Algeria

Occurrence of Ergot Alkaloids in Major and Minor Cereals from Northern Italy: A Three Harvesting Years Scenario

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