“…In addition, postsynaptic nAChRs located on IPn neurons can generate retrograde signaling molecules, including endocannabinoids and nitric oxide, that provide a source of feedback inhibition onto mHb inputs ( Rodrigo et al, 1994 ; Ables et al, 2017 ; Quina et al, 2017 ; Melani et al, 2019 ). Little is currently known about the function of the mHb-IPn circuit, although available data suggest that mHb-derived cholinergic, glutamatergic, and substance P transmission in the IPn modulated by GABA B , cannabinoid 1 (CB1), or glycine receptors regulates the encoding of memories related to aversive stimuli or events ( Thompson, 1960 ; Donovick et al, 1970 ; Agetsuma et al, 2010 ; Yamaguchi et al, 2013 ; Soria-Gomez et al, 2015; Zhang et al, 2016 ; Koppensteiner et al, 2017 ; Geng et al, 2019 ; Melani et al, 2019 ). The mHb-IPn circuit may also coordinate adaptive physiologic and behavioral responses to stressful or anxiety-provoking stimuli ( Lisoprawski et al, 1981 ; Murray et al, 1994 ; Shumake et al, 2003 ; Hsu et al, 2012, 2016 ; Xu et al, 2018 ; Duncan et al, 2019 ; Sherafat et al, 2020 ).…”