Equol, a Clinically Important Metabolite, Inhibits the Development and Pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae, the Causal Agent of Rice Blast Disease

Wang, Jiaoyu; Li, Ling; Yin, Yeshi; Zhuokan, Gu; Chai, Rongyao; Wang, Yanli; Sun, Guochang

doi:10.3390/molecules22101799

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 58 publications

(71 reference statements)

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“…In contrast, the DZN reductase activity of DZNRs was directly inhibited by (S)-equol (40). (S)-equol is known to be bacteriostatic to species such as Clostridioides difficile, Salmonella and some fungi (11,12,41) , and the level of (S)-equol and relative bacteria can change the intestinal flora or representative bacterial species in human and animal guts, which is beneficial to the conditions for growth of these organisms (33,(42)(43)(44). However, high concentrations of (S)-equol can also suppress growth, and according to the reversibility between DZN and (S)-equol, it can be inferred that a feedback loop regulation may exist for the production of (S)-equol in Clostridium C1.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and identification of a novel daidzein reductase involved in (S)-equol biosynthesis in Clostridium C1

Yang

Song

et al. 2022

Preprint

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(S)-equol is an isoflavone with high estrogen-like activity and no toxic effects in the human body, and is only produced by some gut bacteria in vivo. It plays an important role in maintaining individual health, however, the dearth of resources associated with (S)-equol-producing bacteria has seriously restricted the production and application of (S)-equol. We report here a novel functional gene C1-07020 that was identified from a chick (S)-equol-producing bacterium (Clostridium C1). We found that recombinant protein of C1-07020 possessed similar function to daidzein reductase (DZNR), which can convert daidzein (DZN) into R/S-dihydrodaidzein (R/S-DHD). Interestingly, C1-07020 can reverse convert (R/S)-DHD (DHD oxidases) into DZN even without cofactors or anaerobic conditions. Additionally, high concentrations of (S)-equol can directly promote DHD oxidase but inhibit DZNR activity. Molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the amino acid Arg 75 was the active site of DHD oxidases. Subsequently, an engineered E. coli strain based on C1-07020 was constructed and showed higher yield of (S)-equol than the engineered bacteria from our previous work. Metagenomics analysis and PCR detection surprisingly revealed that C1-07020 and related bacteria may be prevalent in the gut of humans and animals and their (S)-equol production state may cause differed between (S)-equol producer and non-producer. Overall, a novel DZNR from Clostridium C1 was found and identified in this study, and its bidirectional enzyme activities and wide distribution in the gut of humans and animals provide alternative strategies for revealing the individual regulatory mechanisms of (S)-equol-producing bacteria.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and identification of a novel daidzein reductase involved in (S)-equol biosynthesis in Clostridium C1

Yang

Song

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…Daidzein has been approved for relieving menopausal syndromes in females, treatments of hypertension, coronary heart disease, cerebral clotting, dizziness, and deafness. However, daidzein does not commonly show the estrogenic activity unless it is converted to equol by the intestinal bacteria ( Wang et al, 2017 ). Equol (4′, 7-isoflavandiol) is an isoflavone metabolite derived from daidzin/daidzein by certain bacterial biotypes in small intestine and colon of human, has non-planar construction which offers its physiological properties ( Raffi, 2015 ; Del Rio et al, 2013 ; Setchell and Clerici 2010 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of prebiotics on equol production from soymilk isoflavones by two Bifidobacterium species

Mustafa

Ismail

et al. 2020

Heliyon

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The influence of commercial prebiotics (fructo-oligosaccharides and inulin) and sugars (glucose and sucrose) on enhancing equol production from soymilk isoflavones by Bifidobacterium longum BB536 and Bifidobacterium breve ATCC 15700 was evaluated in vitro . Sterilized soymilk was inoculated with each bacterial species at 37 °C for 48 h. The growth and β-glucosidase enzyme activity for the two Bifidobacterium species in soymilk throughout fermentation were assessed. The highest viable count for B. breve (8.75 log CFU/ml) was reached at 36 h and for B. longum (8.55 log CFU/ml) at 24 h. Both bacterial species displayed β-glucosidase activity. B. breve showed increased enzyme activity (4.126 U) at 36 h, while B. longum exhibited maximum activity (3.935 U) at 24 h of fermentation. Among the prebiotics screened for their effect in isoflavones transformation to equol, inulin delivered the highest effect on equol production. The co-culture of B. longum BB536 and B. breve ATCC15700 in soymilk supplemented with inulin produced the highest level (11.49 mmol/l) of equol at 48 h of fermentation process. Level of daidzin declined whereas that of daidzein increased, and then gradually decreased due to formation of equol when soymilk was fermented using bifidobacterial. This suggests that the nutritional value of soymilk may be increased by increasing bioavailability of the bioactive ingredients. Collectively these data identify probiotics and prebiotic combinations suitable for inclusion in soymilk to enhance equol production.

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“…Pathogenic fungi are one of the limiting factors for rice production. Magnaporthe oryzae , a pathogenic fungus that is the causal agent of rice blast disease, is widely distributed and causes serious reductions in rice yields worldwide (Liu et al 2010; Wang et al 2017). The breeding approach to create disease-resistant rice varieties is commonly used to improve rice production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative study of the mycorrhizal root transcriptomes of wild and cultivated rice in response to the pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae

Tian

Chang

et al. 2019

Rice

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Background Rice, which serves as a staple food for more than half of the world’s population, is very susceptible to the pathogenic fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae . However, common wild rice ( Oryza rufipogon ), which is the ancestor of Asian cultivated rice ( O. sativa ), has significant potential as a genetic source of resistance to M. oryzae . Recent studies have shown that the domestication of rice has altered its relationship to symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizae. A comparative response of wild and domestic rice inhabited by mycorrhizae to infection by M. oryzae has not been documented. Results In the current study, roots of wild and cultivated rice colonized with the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (AMF) Rhizoglomus intraradices were used to compare the transcriptomic responses of the two species to infection by M. oryzae . Phenotypic analysis indicated that the colonization of wild and cultivated rice with R. intraradices improved the resistance of both genotypes to M. oryzae . Wild AM rice, however, was more resistant to M. oryzae than the cultivated AM rice, as well as nonmycorrhizal roots of wild rice. Transcriptome analysis indicated that the mechanisms regulating the responses of wild and cultivated AM rice to M. oryzae invasion were significantly different. The expression of a greater number of genes was changed in wild AM rice than in cultivated AM rice in response to the pathogen. Both wild and cultivated AM rice exhibited a shared response to M. oryzae which included genes related to the auxin and salicylic acid pathways; all of these play important roles in pathogenesis-related protein synthesis. In wild AM rice, secondary metabolic and biotic stress-related analyses indicated that the jasmonic acid synthesis-related α-linolenic acid pathway, the phenolic and terpenoid pathways, as well as the phenolic and terpenoid syntheses-related mevalonate (MVA) pathway were more affected by the pathogen. Genes related to these pathways were more significantly enriched in wild AM rice than in cultivated AM rice in response to M. oryzae . On the other hand, genes associated with the ‘brassinosteroid biosynthesis’ were more enriched in cultivated AM rice. Conclusions The AMF R. intraradices- colonized rice plants exhibited greater resistance to M. oryzae than non-AMF-colonized plants . The findings of the current study demonstrate the potential effects of crop domestication on the benefits received by the host via root colonization with AMF(s), and provide new information on the underlying molecular mechanisms. In ...

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Equol, a Clinically Important Metabolite, Inhibits the Development and Pathogenicity of Magnaporthe oryzae, the Causal Agent of Rice Blast Disease

Cited by 7 publications

References 58 publications

Characterization and identification of a novel daidzein reductase involved in (S)-equol biosynthesis in Clostridium C1

Characterization and identification of a novel daidzein reductase involved in (S)-equol biosynthesis in Clostridium C1

Impact of prebiotics on equol production from soymilk isoflavones by two Bifidobacterium species

Comparative study of the mycorrhizal root transcriptomes of wild and cultivated rice in response to the pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae

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