Equivalent System Mass Studies of Missions and Concepts

Drysdale, Alan; Ewert, Mike; Hanford, Anthony J.

doi:10.4271/1999-01-2081

Cited by 31 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…When compared to terrestrial systems, space habitats and life support systems will all be constrained by mass, energy, and volume (Drysdale et al, 1999). To achieve a target crop yield and oxygen production could require higher light levels when growing area and volume are limited (Wheeler et al, 2008).…”

Section: Implications For Space Life Supportmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Assuming this would be done with electric lighting systems like LEDs, the total light produced would be constrained by the available electric power (Drysdale et al, 1999) (note, there are situations and approaches where solar lighting could be used in space; Nakamura et al, 2009). There can also be complications depending on the maximum output of the electric lighting fixtures and/or power allocations that might change throughout the day.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Potatoes as a Crop for Space Life Support: Effect of CO2, Irradiance, and Photoperiod on Leaf Photosynthesis and Stomatal Conductance

2019

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Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) have been suggested as a candidate crop for future space missions, based on their high yields of nutritious tubers and high harvest index. Three cultivars of potato, cvs. Norland, Russet Burbank, and Denali were grown in walk-in growth rooms at 400 and 800 µmol m −2 s −1 photosynthetic photon flux (PPF), 12-h L/12h D and 24-h L/0 h D photoperiods, and 350 and 1,000 ppm [CO 2 ]. Net photosynthetic rates (P net) and stomatal conductance (g s) of upper canopy leaves were measured at weekly intervals from 3 through 12 weeks after planting. Increased PPF resulted in increased P net rates at both [CO 2 ] levels and both photoperiods, but the effect was most pronounced under the 12-h photoperiod. Increased [CO 2 ] increased P net for both PPFs under the 12-h photoperiod, but decreased P net under the 24-h photoperiod. Increased PPF increased g s for both [CO 2 ] levels and both photoperiods. Increased [CO 2 ] decreased g s for both PPFs for the 12-h photoperiod, but caused only a slight decrease under the 24-h photoperiod. Leaf P net rates were highest with high PPF (800), elevated [CO 2 ] (1,000), and a 12-h photoperiod, while growing the plants under continuous (24-h) light resulted in lower leaf photosynthetic rates for all combinations of PPF and [CO 2 ]. The responses of leaf photosynthetic rates are generally consistent with prior published data on the plant biomass from these same studies (Wheeler et al., Crop Sci. 1991) and suggest that giving more light with a 24-h photoperiod can increase biomass in some cases, but the leaf P net and overall photosynthetic efficiency drops.

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Section: Implications For Space Life Supportmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Potatoes as a Crop for Space Life Support: Effect of CO2, Irradiance, and Photoperiod on Leaf Photosynthesis and Stomatal Conductance

2019

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“…Bioregenerative ALS systems will utilize higher plants, such as beans, lettuce, potato, and wheat (Tibbits & Alford 1982;Wheeler et al 2003) to recycle water, oxygen, and edible biomass during long-term missions to the Moon or Mars. Early modelling on what is called the 'equivalent system mass ' (ESM) of a life support system indicates that after a 1-2 year period, the ESM of a bioregenerative ALS system is likely to be lower than the ESM of a non-bioregenerative ALS system (Drysdale et al 1999;Eckart 1996 ;Ewert et al 2001). The term ESM is defined as the total sum of all components of an ALS system that must be considered when comparing the total launched mass of a system and includes at least the following factors : direct launched mass, energy requirements of all subsystems, personnel time required for maintenance and repair, and operational constraints dictated by the systems (Drysdale et al 1999;Ewert et al 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of artificial lighting on the detection of plant stress with spectral reflectance remote sensing in bioregenerative life support systems

Schuerger

Richards

2006

International Journal of Astrobiology

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Plant-based life support systems that utilize bioregenerative technologies have been proposed for long-term human missions to both the Moon and Mars. Bioregenerative life support systems will utilize higher plants to regenerate oxygen, water, and edible biomass for crews, and are likely to significantly lower the ‘equivalent system mass’ of crewed vehicles. As part of an ongoing effort to begin the development of an automatic remote sensing system to monitor plant health in bioregenerative life support modules, we tested the efficacy of seven artificial illumination sources on the remote detection of plant stresses. A cohort of pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.) were grown 42 days at 25 °C, 70% relative humidity, and 300 μmol m−2 s−1 of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR; from 400 to 700 nm). Plants were grown under nutritional stresses induced by irrigating subsets of the plants with 100, 50, 25, or 10% of a standard nutrient solution. Reflectance spectra of the healthy and stressed plants were collected under seven artificial lamps including two tungsten halogen lamps, plus high pressure sodium, metal halide, fluorescent, microwave, and red/blue light emitting diode (LED) sources. Results indicated that several common algorithms used to estimate biomass and leaf chlorophyll content were effective in predicting plant stress under all seven illumination sources. However, the two types of tungsten halogen lamps and the microwave illumination source yielded linear models with the highest residuals and thus the highest predictive capabilities of all lamps tested. The illumination sources with the least predictive capabilities were the red/blue LEDs and fluorescent lamps. Although the red/blue LEDs yielded the lowest residuals for linear models derived from the remote sensing data, the LED arrays used in these experiments were optimized for plant productivity and not the collection of remote sensing data. Thus, we propose that if adjusted to optimize the collection of remote sensing information from plants, LEDs remain the best candidates for illumination sources for monitoring plant stresses in bioregenerative life support systems.

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“…Equivalent System Mass (ESM) is a technique by which several physical quantities that describe a system or subsystem may be reduced to a single physical parameter, mass [9]. In 1999, ESM was selected as the basis of the NASA Advanced Life Support (ALS) Project Research and Technology Development Metric.…”

Section: Equivalent System Mass (Esm) Calculation Of Hsladmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anaerobic Digestion for Reduction and Stabilization of Organic Solid Waste During Space Missions: Systems Analysis

Xu¹,

Townsend²,

Chynoweth³

et al. 2002

SAE Technical Paper Series

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High Solids Leachbed Anaerobic Digestion (HSLAD) is a biological waste treatment system that has been successfully demonstrated for solid waste treatment in terrestrial applications. The process involves a solid phase leachbed fermentation, employing leachate recycle between new and mature reactors for inoculation, wetting, and removal of volatile organic acids during startup. HSLAD also offers a potential option for treatment of biodegradable waste on long-duration space mission and for permanent planetary bases and would produce 1.5 kg of methane, 4.1 kg of carbon dioxide and 1.9 kg of compost daily from 7.5kg of biodegradable solid wastes generated daily from a crew of six. HSLAD can operate at low temperature and pressure and has the potential for being a net energy producer. A detailed analysis of this process was conducted to design the system size required for a space mission with a 6-person crew The mass, energy and water balance of the process and an equivalent system mass (ESM) analysis are presented.

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Equivalent System Mass Studies of Missions and Concepts

Cited by 31 publications

References 2 publications

Potatoes as a Crop for Space Life Support: Effect of CO2, Irradiance, and Photoperiod on Leaf Photosynthesis and Stomatal Conductance

Potatoes as a Crop for Space Life Support: Effect of CO2, Irradiance, and Photoperiod on Leaf Photosynthesis and Stomatal Conductance

Effects of artificial lighting on the detection of plant stress with spectral reflectance remote sensing in bioregenerative life support systems

Anaerobic Digestion for Reduction and Stabilization of Organic Solid Waste During Space Missions: Systems Analysis

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