We have seen in the discussion of the radiated fields of wire and aperture antennas that the radiated fields consist of contributions from an infinite number of elementary sources. On a macroscopic level, we may group elementary sources into antenna elements and then use these antenna elements to create a larger aperture antenna. The benefits of such an operation are twofold. First an aperture antenna is created occupying a relatively small volume allowing control over the field distribution. Second, by applying a phase-taper over the elements that make up the aperture, the radiated beam may be pointed into a desired direction without physically moving the antenna. Although array antennas come in many forms, including linear, planar, curved and three-dimensional ones, we will only discuss array antenna basics and therefore will stick to the linear array antenna. 1