Equivalent bulging factors of internally pressurized cracked laminated composite cylindrical shell structures

Bulging factor of a longitudinal crack in pressurized cylindrical shell with a reinforcing layer

“…(15) and (16); they are selected to meet the limit conditions of Eqs. (13) and (14) as demonstrated in Table 2. The terms A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , A 4 are unknown parameters to be determined through a data fitting procedure.…”

“…(13) and (14) with no relaxed conditions, where c is allowed to reach a limiting value of unity as t F and/or E F approach zero as in case for expressions b 1 c 2 , b 2 c 2 , b 3 c 2 . However, from a practical point a view if the reinforcing layer is has significant thickness and stiffness then expressions b 1 c 2 , b 2 c 2 can also be used.…”

“…(15) in particular, the limit conditions (13) and (14) have been relaxed and combined into a single limit as indicated in Table 2. Hence the expression is allowed to reach the limit of unity only if the two variables t F and E F approach zero simultaneously.…”

“…(13) and (14). They are then fitted to the data obtained from the finite element model according to relationship (12).…”

“…It has been treated extensively in the literature, a few representative works are [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Generally the stress conditions near the crack tip in a curved shell are more severe than its counterpart in a flat plate.…”