Equity Solvency Capital Requirements - What Institutional Regulation Can Learn from Private Investor Regulation

Abstract

Solvency II has one standard equity solvency capital requirement for type 1 or developed market stocks (39 per cent) and one for type 2 or emerging market stocks (49 per cent). As such, differences in financial economic risk of stock portfolios within developed or emerging markets do not influence solvency requirements. This encourages risk-seeking behaviour by insurance companies, and could sustain or even create structural mispricing in the cross-section of stock returns. We argue to improve Solvency II regulation by aligning it with more sophisticated European regulation that is already in place for mutual funds. Specifically, we propose to multiply the standard solvency charge of 39 per cent with the ratio of equity portfolio volatility to broad equity market volatility. This ratio will be above one for more risky portfolios and below one for less risky portfolios, meaning that high-risk stock portfolios require more solvency capital than the market, while low-risk stock portfolios require less. Our approach encompasses the existing distinction between emerging and developed markets, and reduces geography to just one of many potential sources of risk that should be recognised. The proposed approach gives better incentives to institutional investors, contributes to market efficiency, and is much less prone to regulatory arbitrage than the existing approach.

Gambling for Recovery? Exploring the Credit Risk of European Insurers’ Bond Portfolios during the Covid-19 Market Crash

“…I contribute to the existing literature in two ways. First, by investigating the European insurance 1 Becker and Ivashina (2015) 2 Dell' Ariccia et al (2017), Choi and Kronlund (2017) 3 Acharya and Steffen (2015), Swinkels et al (2018) 4 Koijen and Yogo (2022b) find that insurance products with guarantees lead to higher market risk in life insurers' portfolios.…”