Equine West Nile Encephalitis, United States

Ostlund, Eileen N.; Crom, Randall L.; Pedersen, Douglas D.; Johnson, Donna J.; Williams, W. T.; Schmitt, Beverly J.

doi:10.3201/eid0704.010412

Cited by 94 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Amongst fever, also depression, anorexia, colic or lameness can be one of the first recognized signs in diseased animals (Long, 2006). Hyperesthesia, teeth grinding, muscular tremor, photophobia and blindness have been observed in a small proportion of clinical cases (Murgue et al, 2001b; Ostlund et al, 2001; Abutarbush et al, 2004; Garcia-Bocanegra et al, 2011). Abnormal behavior such as depression, somnolence, disorientation, hyperexcitability and aggressive behavior as well as changes in personality have also been associated with WN infection in equids (Ostlund et al, 2001; Porter et al, 2003; Abutarbush et al, 2004; Long, 2006; Garcia-Bocanegra et al, 2011).…”

Section: Clinical Symptoms In Horsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Excellent illustrations of the clinical signs of WN disease in horses are given by the following video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BJtVP5Bd5bs. The fatality rate in diseased animals is high in horses and ranges from 22% to 44% (Murgue et al, 2001a; Ostlund et al, 2001; Schuler et al, 2004; Garcia-Bocanegra et al, 2011). In the 2000 French equine epizootic, fever as well as paresis and paralysis in addition to ataxia were frequent clinical signs (Murgue et al, 2001b).…”

Section: Clinical Symptoms In Horsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Antibodies can be detected from day 7 or 8 post-infection. Detection of IgM is possible for less than 3 months (as reviewed in Castillo-Olivares and Wood, 2004), whereas neutralizing antibodies persist for at least 15 months (Ostlund et al, 2001). Clinical symptoms are thought to occur mostly after the end of viremia (Castillo-Olivares and Wood, 2004), nevertheless the onset of symptoms in naturally acquired infections can only be estimated.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

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West Nile viral infection of equids

Angenvoort¹,

Brault²,

Bowen³

et al. 2013

Veterinary Microbiology

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West Nile virus (WNV) is a flavivirus transmitted between certain species of birds and mosquito vectors. Tangential infections of equids and subsequent equine epizootics have occurred historically. Although the attack rate has been estimated to be below 10%, mortality rates can approach 50% in horses that present clinical disease. Symptoms are most commonly presenting in the form of encephalitis with ataxia as well as limb weakness, recumbency and muscle fasciculation. The most effective strategy for prevention of equine disease is proper vaccination with one of the numerous commercially available vaccines available in North America or the European Union. Recently, WNV has been increasingly associated with equine epizootics resulting from novel non-lineage-1a viruses in expanding geographic areas. However, specific experimental data on the virulence of these novel virus strains is lacking and questions remain as to the etiology of the expanded epizootics: whether it be a function of inherent virulence or ecological and/or climactic factors that could precipitate the altered epidemiological patterns observed.

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Section: Clinical Symptoms In Horsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Clinical Symptoms In Horsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

West Nile viral infection of equids

Angenvoort¹,

Brault²,

Bowen³

et al. 2013

Veterinary Microbiology

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“…They become viremic but the viremia is not high enough for horses to serve as an amplifying host [71]. In the 1999 outbreak, 36% of the infected horses either died of WN or were euthanized [72]. Other studies reported a 22–28% mortality rate in horses [73,74].…”

Section: Wnv In Mosquitoes Birds and Horsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Vaccine Approaches for West Nile Virus

Iyer

Kousoulas

2013

IJERPH

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The West Nile virus (WNC) first appeared in North America in 1999. The North American lineages of WNV were characterized by the presence of neuroinvasive and neurovirulent strains causing disease and death in humans, birds and horses. The 2012 WNV season in the United States saw a massive spike in the number of neuroinvasive cases and deaths similar to what was seen in the 2002–2003 season, according to the West Nile virus disease cases and deaths reported to the CDC by year and clinical presentation, 1999–2012, by ArboNET (Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). In addition, the establishment and recent spread of lineage II WNV virus strains into Western Europe and the presence of neurovirulent and neuroinvasive strains among them is a cause of major concern. This review discusses the advances in the development of vaccines and biologicals to combat human and veterinary West Nile disease.

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“…In addition, together with an automated RNA extraction, real-time RT-PCR can be used in large-scale surveillance, and allows quantitative measurement of viral nucleic acids [42]. In several studies, molecular detection assays based on broadly reactive (degenerate) primers may be used for the simultaneous detection and quantification of distinct flaviviruses using species-specific and group-specific primers in a single reaction [40] or targeting the flavivirus consensus amplimers located at the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase domain of the NS5 protein [43].…”

Section: Wnv Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

West Nile Virus: Characteristics of an African Virus Adapting to the Third Millennium World~!2009-11-25~!2009-12-17~!2010-04-22~!

Monini¹,

Falcone²,

Busani³

et al. 2010

TOVJ

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The emergence and spread of West Nile Virus (WNV) from North through South America during the last decade, and the recent outbreaks of disease in both humans and horses in Europe suggest that the epidemiology of this infection is evolving. WNV is now considered among the emerging threats for both human and veterinary public health in areas like Europe where it was previously regarded to as an exotic agent. Further knowledge has built up from studies investigating the characteristics of the virus and its genome evolution capacity, the adaptation to new avian host species, the changes in vector competence and biology, and the host-pathogen interactions, including the immune response. Also, the new needs for preparedness to future major outbursts of disease have stimulated research on virus detection and characterization, filling the gaps in both specialized diagnostic technology and the need for field rapid assays. This review will present an overview of WNV virology, remarking the impact of virus diversity and evolution on theoretical and practical aspects involved in both risk definition, detection and control of infection.

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Equine West Nile Encephalitis, United States

Cited by 94 publications

References 10 publications

West Nile viral infection of equids

West Nile viral infection of equids

A Review of Vaccine Approaches for West Nile Virus

West Nile Virus: Characteristics of an African Virus Adapting to the Third Millennium World~!2009-11-25~!2009-12-17~!2010-04-22~!

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