Equine rhinitis B virus: a new serotype

Huang, Jen‐Chieh; Ficorilli, Nino; Hartley, Carol A.; Wilcox, Rebbecca S.; Weiss, Marianne; Studdert, Michael J.

doi:10.1099/0022-1317-82-11-2641

Cited by 32 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(16 reference statements)

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“…The ERBV Poly 1 and ERBV Poly 2 cRT-PCR assays were also highly specific for the detection of RNA from ERBV isolates without cross-reacting with RNA from ERAV isolates. Sequence comparison analysis between the ERBV1 prototype P1436/71 (GenBank accession number X96871) and ERBV2 prototype P313/75 (GenBank accession number AF361253) revealed that these two strains shared 92.5% sequence identity in the 3D pol region which is consistent with the previous findings that the 3D pol region of ERBV is highly conserved and therefore commonly used for primer design [12,32]. The high sequence similarity between ERBV1 and ERBV2 in the 3D pol region is good for primer design in differentiating ERBV from ERAV; however, it may also prevent the successful differentiation of ERBV1 and ERBV2 serotypes.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

“…The ERBV1 and ERBV3 serotypes comprise two distinct phylogenetic groups, one of which is phenotypically acid labile (ERBV1; [9]) and the other is acid stable (ERBV3; [10]). Subsequently, a third equine rhinovirus virus (equine rhinovirus 3) was also isolated in Switzerland and following sequence analysis of its viral capsid proteins, it was shown to be a second serotype in the genus Erbovirus , and was designated as ERBV2 (prototype P313/75) [9,11,12]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of one-step TaqMan® real-time reverse transcription-PCR and conventional reverse transcription-PCR assays for the detection of equine rhinitis A and B viruses

Timoney

White

et al. 2012

BMC Vet Res

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BackgroundEquine rhinitis viruses A and B (ERAV and ERBV) are common equine respiratory viruses belonging to the family Picornaviridae. Sero-surveillance studies have shown that these two viral infections are prevalent in many countries. Currently, the diagnosis of ERAV and ERBV infections in horses is mainly based on virus isolation (VI). However, the sensitivity of VI testing varies between laboratories due to inefficient viral growth in cell culture and lack of cytopathic effect. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop molecular diagnostic assays (real-time RT-PCR [rRT-PCR] and conventional RT-PCR [cRT-PCR] assays) to detect and distinguish ERAV from ERBV without the inherent problems traditionally associated with laboratory diagnosis of these infections.ResultsThree rRT-PCR assays targeting the 5'-UTR of ERAV and ERBV were developed. One assay was specific for ERAV, with the two remaining assays specific for ERBV. Additionally, six cRT-PCR assays targeting the 5'-UTR and 3D polymerase regions of ERAV and ERBV were developed. Both rRT-PCR and cRT-PCR assays were evaluated using RNA extracted from 21 archived tissue culture fluid (TCF) samples previously confirmed to be positive for ERAV (n = 11) or ERBV (n = 10) with mono-specific rabbit antisera. The ERAV rRT-PCR and cRT-PCR assays could only detect ERAV isolates and not ERBV isolates. Similarly, the ERBV rRT-PCR and cRT-PCR assays could only detect ERBV isolates and not ERAV isolates. None of the rRT-PCR or cRT-PCR assays cross-reacted with any of the other common equine respiratory viruses. With the exception of one cRT-PCR assay, the detection limit of all of these assays was 1 plaque forming unit per ml (pfu/ml).ConclusionThe newly developed rRT-PCR and cRT-PCR assays provide improved diagnostic capability for the detection and differentiation of ERAV and ERBV. However, a larger number of clinical specimens will need to be tested before each assay is adequately validated for the detection of ERAV and/or ERBV in suspect cases of either viral infection.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of one-step TaqMan® real-time reverse transcription-PCR and conventional reverse transcription-PCR assays for the detection of equine rhinitis A and B viruses

Timoney

White

et al. 2012

BMC Vet Res

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“…As it was observed that more immune cells could be recovered from the lungs of mice immunized with the revertant vL11⌬gGR virus, we attributed this protective effect to the elimination of gG's function as a vCKBP by anti-gG antibodies. This finding is of considerable importance, because EHV-1 gG deletion mutants are widely advocated as useful modified-live virus marker vaccines that allow distinction between vaccinated and infected horses (16). Based on our results, however, such an approach seems suboptimal since antibodies against gG control the vCKBP activity of gG and therefore might be important in preventing EHV-1 from evading the immune system.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

CCL3 and Viral Chemokine-Binding Protein gG Modulate Pulmonary Inflammation and Virus Replication during Equine Herpesvirus 1 Infection

Walle

Sakamoto

Osterrieder

2008

J Virol

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CCL3 is a proinflammatory chemokine that mediates many of the cellular changes occurring in pulmonary disease. Here, CCL3؊/؊ mice were used to investigate the role of this chemokine during respiratory herpesvirus infection. Compared to wild-type mice, CCL3؊/؊ mice infected with the alphaherpesvirus equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) displayed reduced body weight loss but had higher pulmonary viral loads. Lungs from infected CCL3 ؊/؊ mice suffered a milder interstitial pneumonia, and fewer immune cells were recovered from the pulmonary airways after infection. We could also demonstrate that herpesvirus-encoded chemokine-binding glycoprotein G (gG) was capable of inhibiting the chemotactic functions of CCL3. This CCL3-mediated chemotaxis, however, was restored in the presence of gG-specific antibodies, which puts into question the advertised use of gG deletion mutants as marker vaccines. In summary, we concluded that CCL3 is a major player in controlling herpesvirus replication in the target organ, the lung, and does so by evoking a strong inflammatory response. The immunomodulatory activity of CCL3 is balanced by the expression of viral gG, whose chemokine-binding activity is mitigated in secondary infections by the production of anti-gG antibodies.

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“…1996; Stanway et al. 2005) along with another serologically distinct prototype ERBV2 (Huang et al. 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real‐time RT‐PCR for the detection and quantitative analysis of equine rhinitis viruses

Quinlivan

Maxwell

Lyons

et al. 2010

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Equine rhinitis B virus: a new serotype

Cited by 32 publications

References 12 publications

Development of one-step TaqMan® real-time reverse transcription-PCR and conventional reverse transcription-PCR assays for the detection of equine rhinitis A and B viruses

Development of one-step TaqMan® real-time reverse transcription-PCR and conventional reverse transcription-PCR assays for the detection of equine rhinitis A and B viruses

CCL3 and Viral Chemokine-Binding Protein gG Modulate Pulmonary Inflammation and Virus Replication during Equine Herpesvirus 1 Infection

Real‐time RT‐PCR for the detection and quantitative analysis of equine rhinitis viruses

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