Equine Piroplasmosis: Leukocytic Response to Babesia Equi (Laveran, 1901) Infection in Chile

Rudolph, W; Correa, J.; Zurita, L.; Manley, W.

doi:10.1016/s0007-1935(17)35194-1

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Clotting times can be prolonged or normal. The leukogram can vary depending on infection stage and severity . Fibrinogen concentration can be elevated and albumin concentration can vary depending on hydration status, chronicity of the disease, and associated conditions that result in protein loss .…”

Section: Clinical Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The leukogram can vary depending on infection stage and severity. 76 Fibrinogen concentration can be elevated and albumin concentration can vary depending on hydration status, chronicity of the disease, and associated conditions that result in protein loss. 55 Hyperbilirubinemia is often observed and the liver enzyme activities, ALP, AST, and GGT can be elevated.…”

Section: Pathogenesis (Transmission/life Cycle Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of Equine Piroplasmosis

Wise

Kappmeyer

Mealey

et al. 2013

Veterinary Internal Medicne

201

225

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Equine piroplasmosis is caused by one of 2 erythrocytic parasites Babesia caballi or Theileria equi. Although the genus of the latter remains controversial, the most recent designation, Theileria, is utilized in this review. Shared pathogenesis includes tick-borne transmission and erythrolysis leading to anemia as the primary clinical outcome. Although both parasites are able to persist indefinitely in their equid hosts, thus far, only B. caballi transmits across tick generations. Pathogenesis further diverges after transmission to equids in that B. caballi immediately infects erythrocytes, whereas T. equi infects peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The recent re-emergence of T. equi in the United States has increased awareness of these tick-borne pathogens, especially in terms of diagnosis and control. This review focuses in part on factors leading to the re-emergence of infection and disease of these globally important pathogens.

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Section: Clinical Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pathogenesis (Transmission/life Cycle Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Equine Piroplasmosis

Wise

Kappmeyer

Mealey

et al. 2013

Veterinary Internal Medicne

201

225

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…While there is some evidence for transmission of zoonotic pathogenic Babesia spp. by I. stilesi collected from pudu (Tagle, 1971;Rudolph et al, 1975), B. burgdorferi was not identified in Ixodes ticks collected previously in Chile (Osorio, 2001) and could not be cultured from Chilean patients with signs and symptoms clinically compatible with LB (Abarca et al, 1996;Neira et al, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Borrelia chilensis, a new member of theBorrelia burgdorferisensu lato complex that extends the range of this genospecies in theSouthernHemisphere

Ivanova

Tomova

González‐Acuña

et al. 2013

Environmental Microbiology

103

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Summary Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.), transmitted by Ixodes spp. ticks, is the causative agent of Lyme disease. Although Ixodes spp. ticks are distributed in both Northern and Southern Hemispheres, evidence for the presence of B. burgdorferi s.l. in South America apart from Uruguay is lacking. We now report the presence of culturable spirochetes with flat-wave morphology and borrelial DNA in endemic Ixodes stilesi ticks collected in Chile from environmental vegetation and long-tailed rice rats (Oligoryzomys longicaudatus). Cultured spirochetes and borrelial DNA in ticks were characterized by multilocus sequence typing and by sequencing five other loci (16S and 23S ribosomal genes, 5S-23S intergenic spacer, flaB, ospC). Phylogenetic analysis placed this spirochete as a new genospecies within the Lyme borreliosis group. Its plasmid profile determined by PCR and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis differed from that of B. burgdorferi B31A3. We propose naming this new South American member of the Lyme borreliosis group Borrelia chilensis VA1, in honor of its country of origin.

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“…Neutrophilia and lymphocytosis were also observed in the single Group 1 horse for which data were available (344) and for all Group 2 horses. A neutrophilia has also been observed in both T. equi infection of splenectomized and spleen-intact horses [24,34,35]. However, those research groups noted a lymphopenia in conjunction with the neutrophilia in splenectomized horses [24,34].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, those research groups noted a lymphopenia in conjunction with the neutrophilia in splenectomized horses [24,34]. A study of acute T. equi infection in field cases in Chile did note occasional lymphopenia or lymphocytosis in the cohort of cases evaluated [35]. Neutrophilia and lymphopenia have also been frequently noted in human patients with malaria, and the lymphopenia frequently transitions to a lymphocytosis over time [36,37].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Progression of Theileria haneyi in Splenectomized Horses Reveals Decreased Virulence Compared to Theileria equi

2022

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The global importance of the hemoparasite Theileria haneyi to equine health was recently shown by its resistance to imidocarb dipropionate (ID) and its interference with T. equi clearance by ID in some co-infected horses. Genetic characterization of T. haneyi revealed marked genomic reduction compared to T. equi, and initial experiments demonstrated reduced clinical severity in spleen-intact horses. Furthermore, in early experiments, splenectomized horses survived T. haneyi infection and progressed to an asymptomatic carrier state, in stark contrast to the high fatality rate of T. equi in splenectomized horses. Thus, we hypothesized that T. haneyi is less virulent than T. equi. To objectively assess virulence, clinical data from nine splenectomized, T. haneyi-infected horses were evaluated and compared to published data on T. equi-infected, splenectomized horses. Seven of eight splenectomized, T. haneyi-infected horses survived. Further, in six horses co-infected with T. equi and T. haneyi, only horses cleared of T. equi by ID survived splenectomy and became asymptomatic carriers. The reduced virulence of T. haneyi in splenectomized horses instructs why T. haneyi was, until recently, undetected. This naturally occurring comparative reduction in virulence in a natural host provides a foundation for defining virulence mechanisms of theileriosis and Apicomplexa in general.

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Equine Piroplasmosis: Leukocytic Response to Babesia Equi (Laveran, 1901) Infection in Chile

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

Review of Equine Piroplasmosis

Review of Equine Piroplasmosis

Borrelia chilensis, a new member of theBorrelia burgdorferisensu lato complex that extends the range of this genospecies in theSouthernHemisphere

Clinical Progression of Theileria haneyi in Splenectomized Horses Reveals Decreased Virulence Compared to Theileria equi

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