Equine piroplasmosis: An updated review

Tamzali, Y.

doi:10.1111/eve.12070

Cited by 26 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(87 reference statements)

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“…The basic pathology of EP together with the life cycle of its causative pathogens, Theileria equi and Babesia caballi, are well described in the literature. [1][2][3] Following inoculation by an infected tick vector, the protozoan parasite invades host erythrocytes, with additional invasion of host leucocytes in the case of T equi. The parasite replicates in the equine erythrocytes leading to rupture of the infected cell.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Within the tick host, transmission of T equi is through the transtadial route, while for B caballi transtadial and transovarian transmission both occur. 3 The clinical presentation of infection with one or both of these parasites is similar. Acute cases typically present with anaemia, pyrexia, lethargy, dehydration and anorexia with death occurring in severe or neglected cases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Acute cases typically present with anaemia, pyrexia, lethargy, dehydration and anorexia with death occurring in severe or neglected cases. [1][2][3] In chronic disease, clinical signs are less severe, with animals displaying variable anaemia, malaise, anorexia, weight loss and reduced performance. [1][2][3] Infection with T equi has been detrimentally associated with athletic performance 4 and has a signiicant impact on the racing industry of endemic areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Equine piroplasmosis status in the UK: an assessment of laboratory diagnostic submissions and techniques

et al. 2019

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Equine piroplasmosis (EP) has historically been of minor concern to UK equine practitioners, primarily due to a lack of competent tick vectors. However, increased detection of EP tick vector species in the UK has been reported recently. EP screening is not currently required for equine importation, and when combined with recent relaxations in movement regulations, there is an increased risk regarding disease incursion and establishment into the UK. This study evaluated the prevalence of EP by both serology and PCR among 1242 UK equine samples submitted for EP screening between February and December 2016 to the Animal and Plant Health Agency and the Animal Health Trust. Where information was available, 81.5 per cent of submissions were for the purpose of UK export testing, and less than 0.1 per cent for UK importation. Serological prevalence of EP was 8.0 per cent, and parasite DNA was found in 0.8 per cent of samples. A subsequent analysis of PCR sensitivity in archived clinical samples indicated that the proportion of PCR-positive animals is likely to be considerably higher. The authors conclude that the current threat imposed by UK carrier horses is not adequately monitored and further measures are required to improve national biosecurity and prevent endemic disease.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Equine piroplasmosis status in the UK: an assessment of laboratory diagnostic submissions and techniques

et al. 2019

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“…5) in this population. In endemic populations the pathogenic impact is reduced, as for most animals, immunity is generated [42]. This was supported by a mixed effect GLM model with HCT as the outcome variable where piroplasmosis status was not correlated with HCT (Additional file 7: Table S5).…”

Section: Evidence For Trypanosoma Spp Infection In the Pcr Negative mentioning

confidence: 66%

Variation in disease phenotype is marked in equine trypanosomiasis

et al. 2020

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Background: Equine trypanosomiasis is a severe and prevalent disease that has the greatest impact globally upon working equids due to its distribution across lower income countries. Morbidity and mortality rates are high; disease management strategies in endemic regions are ineffective and cost prohibitive. Individual variation in disease phenotype in other species suggests host factors could reveal novel treatment and control targets but has not been investigated in equids. Methods:A prospective clinical evaluation of equines presenting for a free veterinary examination was performed in hyperendemic villages in The Gambia. Age, body condition score and body weight were estimated by validated methods, and haematocrit and total protein concentration measured. Animals fulfilling 2 out of 5 clinical inclusion criteria (anaemia, poor body condition, pyrexia, history of abortion, oedema) for a diagnosis of trypanosomiasis received trypanocidal treatment with follow-up at 1 and 2 weeks. Blood samples underwent PCR analysis with specific Trypanosoma spp. primers and results were compared to the subject's clinical and clinicopathological features. A mixed effects generalised linear model was generated to evaluate the association of infection status with degree of pyrexia and anaemia.Results: Morbidity was high within examined (n = 641) and selected (n = 247) study populations. PCR status was not associated with a defined disease phenotype; there was intra-and inter-species variability. Donkeys were more frequently Trypanosoma spp.-positive (P < 0.001) and febrile (P < 0.001) than horses, but infected horses were more anaemic (P < 0.001), and in poorer body condition (P < 0.001) than donkeys. Sex was correlated to disease phenotype: males were more anaemic (P = 0.03) and febrile (P < 0.001). Haemoparasite co-infections were more common than a single infection. Conclusions:There was evidence of diversity in trypanosomiasis clinical signs plus variable disease phenotypes within equid subpopulations that warrant further investigation. The complex co-infection profile of field cases requires greater consideration to optimise disease management.

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“…EP is characterized by fever, hemoglobinuria, jaundice, ventral edema, pale mucous membranes, anemia, weakness, lethargy, mild colic, abortion in mares, and death can occur in the acute phase of the infection [21,22]. The mortality rate for B. caballi is 10%, while it reaches 50% for T. equi [3,23]. The recovery from infection is possible, but recovered horses may become asymptomatic carriers in case of T. equi, while B. caballi is generally self-limited up to 4 years [24].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Characterization of Some Equine Vector-Borne Pathogens and Identification of Their Vectors in Egypt

Abdullah¹,

Aboelsoued²,

Farag³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background Equine vector borne diseases (EVBD) have been considered emerging and reemerging diseases transmitted by arthropods and most of these diseases have zoonotic concern. This study was designed to screen EVBD in equines and their vectors using molecular analyses and identify vectors by MALDI-TOF and molecular techniques.Methods A total of 335 blood samples were collected from apparently healthy equines (320 from horses and 15 from donkeys) from Cairo and Beni-Suef provinces in Egypt. A total of 166 arthropods (105 sucking flies and 61 ticks) were collected from the same animals. MALDI-TOF and molecular techniques were used to confirm the findings of morphological identification of vector. Quantitative PCR and Standard PCR coupled with sequencing were performed in equines and vectors DNA for screening multiple pathogens.Results MALDI-TOF and molecular techniques confirmed that Hippoposca equina (louse fly), Rhipicephalus annulatus (Rh. annulatus) and Rh. microplus ixodid ticks were found. In vectors, we identified Anaplasma marginale (A. marginale; 1.6%), A. platys-like (1.6%) and a new Ehrlichia sp. (4.9%) in Rh. microplus, while Ehrlichia rustica (E. rustica) was found in Rh. microplus and Rh. annulatus. Likewise, Borrelia theileri was identified in Rh. microplus (3.3%). For H. equina, Anaplasma and Borrelia sp. DNA were detected by qPCR only. In equines, A. marginale (0.6%), A. ovis (0.6%) and Theileria ovis (T. ovis; 0.6%) were found in donkeys. In horses, T. equi (1.2%) and a new Theileria sp. Africa (2.7%) were identified.Conclusions For the first time, we reported here the presence of Rh. microplus as a competent tick for Rh. annulatus in Egypt using MALDI-TOF and molecular identification. To the best of our knowledge, we provided the first detection of different pathogens as A. marginale, A. platys-like, E. rustica, new Ehrlichia sp., B. theileri in Rh. microplus, A. marginale, A. ovis and T. ovis in donkeys and a new Theileria sp. Africa in horses in Egypt.

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Equine piroplasmosis: An updated review

Cited by 26 publications

References 34 publications

Equine piroplasmosis status in the UK: an assessment of laboratory diagnostic submissions and techniques

Equine piroplasmosis status in the UK: an assessment of laboratory diagnostic submissions and techniques

Variation in disease phenotype is marked in equine trypanosomiasis

Molecular Characterization of Some Equine Vector-Borne Pathogens and Identification of Their Vectors in Egypt

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