Equine ocular examination basic techniques

Stoppini, Riccardo; Gilger, Brian C

doi:10.1002/9781119047919.ch1

Cited by 20 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 114 publications

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“…Assessment of intraocular pressure (IOP) using tonometry is an essential part of a complete ophthalmic examination in horses. Tonometry allows differentiation, diagnostics, and monitoring of diseases affecting IOP such as uveitis and glaucoma 1,2 . Alongside the clinical signs associated with these disease entities, tonometry is needed in assessing patients with orbital trauma, blunt force trauma to the globe, lens luxation, suspected decrease in visual function, or blindness 3‐5 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Manometry is the most accurate way to record IOP, but it is invasive and not feasible in clinical settings 1 . Indirect tonometry is a noninvasive method of evaluating IOP by measuring corneal tension 1 . Both applanation and rebound tonometry have been validated in horses, and light hand‐held devices are commercially available 6‐8 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Repeatability plays a major role in accurate interpretation of IOP results when evaluating response to treatment. Previously published reference ranges for IOP in healthy horses are device‐specific, and thus, consistency in device used is strongly recommended when monitoring clinical cases 1,3,6,7,9,10 . Tonovet ® rebound tonometer (Icare Finland) has been shown to provide accurate results with low interobserver variability in both human and animal patients, 11‐13 while Tono‐Pen ® applanation tonometer is more prone to inaccuracy due to incorrect technique 12 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of two rebound tonometers in healthy horses

Mustikka

Pietilä²,

Mykkänen

et al. 2020

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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Objective To obtain a reference range for evaluation of intraocular pressure (IOP) in horses using Tonovet Plus®, to compare the IOP readings obtained with Tonovet® and Tonovet Plus®, and to evaluate the repeatability of readings. Animals studied and Procedures Intraocular pressure of 30 client‐owned horses (60 eyes) with no signs of illness or ocular disease was evaluated using Tonovet® and Tonovet Plus® rebound tonometers. Horses’ mean age was 10.7 (range 6‐17) years. Triplicate measurements were performed without using sedatives or local anesthetics, with minimal restraint. Results Calculated reference intervals (the CLSI robust method) were 14.4‐27.2 mmHg for Tonovet® and 16.0‐26.1 mmHg for Tonovet Plus®. Mean values (± standard deviation, SD [± coefficient of variation, CV]) obtained with Tonovet Plus® (21.6 ± 2.45 mmHg [11.3%]) were on average 0.6 mmHg higher than with Tonovet® (21.0 ± 3.14 mmHg [15.0%]), and a negligible statistical difference between the devices was found using the paired sample t test (P = .049). The correlation coefficient for the averaged triplicate measurements was 0.73. The average CV was 4.6% and 4.4% for Tonovet® and Tonovet Plus®, respectively. Conclusions The repeatability of measurements was very good with both devices. The readings between the two devices differed statistically significantly, but the correlation was considered good and the variation was numerically small, and thus, the difference was considered clinically irrelevant. When monitoring disease process or treatment response in an individual patient, repeated readings are best performed using a similar device to avoid false interpretation of results.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of two rebound tonometers in healthy horses

Mustikka

Pietilä²,

Mykkänen

et al. 2020

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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“…At the time, the left eye was still visual and comfortable, and it was considered that the other elephant in the enclosure provided enough support to cope with unilateral vision. To produce globe akinesia and analgesia and maintain a central eye position for the surgery, a four-point retrobulbar block was performed, as described in the horse (Stoppini and Gilger, 2017) with a successful outcome. Subsequently, neuromuscular blockade was not required.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unilateral phacoemulsification in a captive African elephant (<i>Loxodonta africana</i>)

Manchip¹,

Sayers²,

Lewis³

et al. 2020

Open Vet J.

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Background: The following case reports describe the clinical presentation, surgical protocol, post-operative care, and long-term follow-up of an African elephant (Loxodonta Africana) presenting with a unilateral cataract. Case description: A 42-year-old female African elephant presented for the assessment of ocular discomfort and visual deterioration in the left eye. Pre-surgical treatment included topical anti-inflammatory medication for 20 days prior to surgery. On the day of surgery, following anesthetic induction, a two-handed phacoemulsification technique was performed in the left eye. She was left aphakic post-operatively. Nine days post-operatively, the patient had an intact menace response, dazzle reflex, and direct pupillary light reflex. Fundoscopy at that stage was unremarkable. Follow-up information was available for 5 years, from the time of surgery to the present day. Conclusion: Despite remaining aphakic, this case presents a successful visual outcome. To the best of the authors' knowledge, there is no other published report of phacoemulsification in a captive elephant.

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Eversion of the nictitans membranes in a Spanish purebred foal: Diagnosis, surgical correction and outcome

Matas,

Llodrà

2024

Vet Record Case Reports

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A 2‐month‐old, Spanish, purebred foal was presented with bilateral eversion of the nictitans membranes. The foal was assessed and surgery performed at the age of 4 months. Standing surgery was performed in order to dissect and resect the everted cartilage and achieve a normal position of both nictitating membranes. Local anaesthesia was achieved using periocular regional anaesthesia and a sub‐nictitans block under each nictitans membrane. This helped control surgical discomfort of the patient and avoided, in this patient, retraction of the globe. Immediately postoperatively, the nictitans membranes were in normal anatomic position. The patient was evaluated 10 months later and both nictitans membranes remained in situ and with normal dorsotemporal gliding movement over each eye.

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Equine ocular examination basic techniques

Cited by 20 publications

References 114 publications

Comparison of two rebound tonometers in healthy horses

Comparison of two rebound tonometers in healthy horses

Unilateral phacoemulsification in a captive African elephant (<i>Loxodonta africana</i>)

Eversion of the nictitans membranes in a Spanish purebred foal: Diagnosis, surgical correction and outcome

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