Equine Ocular Examination

Gilger, Brian C.; Stoppini, Riccardo

doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-0846-2.00001-x

Cited by 46 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 125 publications

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“…Alternatively, EK may present as a superficial stromal yellow perilimbal infiltrate 2, 3. Regardless of the clinical presentation, cytologic evaluation identifies eosinophils when examined microscopically.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equine eosinophilic keratitis in horses: 28 cases (2003–2013)

Edwards

Clode

Gilger

2015

Clinical Case Reports

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equine eosinophilic keratitis in horses: 28 cases (2003–2013)

Edwards

Clode

Gilger

2015

Clinical Case Reports

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“…Through flow cytometry, our corneal cells were determined to be of fibroblastic morphology. Fibroblasts are an appropriate model for this project as keratocytes undergo fibroblastic transformation after injury and are therefore the primary cell type in wound repair [47]. Our primary culture media was supplemented with 5% FBS, which likely explains the fibroblastic phenotype.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and stem cell supernatant on equine corneal wound healing in vitro

et al. 2017

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BackgroundWe aimed to determine and compare the in vitro effects of autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and mesenchymal stem cell supernatant (MSC-Sp) on the wound healing capacity of equine corneal fibroblasts using a scratch assay.MethodsBone marrow aspirates and eyes were collected from normal, euthanized horses with subsequent isolation and culture of BM-MSCs and corneal stromal cells. Corneal stromal cells were culture-expanded in the culture well of transwell plates and then treated with an autologous BM-MSC suspension (dose: 2.5 × 105/100 μL media with the BM-MSCs contained within the insert well), MSC-Sp solution, or naive culture media (control) for 72 h. A linear defect in confluent cell cultures was created (i.e., corneal scratch assay) to assess the cellular closure (“healing”) over time. Three representative areas of the scratch in each culture were photographed at each time point and the scratch area was quantitated using image analysis software (ImageJ). Media from the scratches were analyzed for various growth factors using human enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits that crossreact with the horse.ResultsThere was a significant percentage decrease in the scratch area remaining in the BM-MSC and MSC-Sp groups compared to the control group. There was also a significant percentage decrease in the scratch area remaining in the BM-MSC group compared to the MSC-Sp group at 36 h post-scratch and all time points thereafter. The concentration of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in the media was significantly higher in the BM-MSC group compared to the control group.ConclusionsThe significant decrease in scratch area in equine corneal fibroblast cultures treated with autologous BM-MSCs compared to MSC-Sp or control treatments suggests that BM-MSCs may substantially improve corneal wound healing in horses. MSC-Sp may also improve corneal wound healing given the significant decrease in scratch area compared to control treatments, and would be an immediately available and cost-effective treatment option.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-017-0577-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…It is also crucial in diagnosing and monitoring disease states such as glaucoma and uveitis. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Common types of tonometers include applanation and rebound tonometers. [8][9][10][11] Applanation tonometers measure the amount of force required to indent a portion of the cornea with a 3.02 mm flat tip (Tono-Pen ® ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With their smaller probes contacting the ocular surface, they are intended to be used without needing topical anesthesia, 4,9,[11][12][13] may require less eyelid manipulation with less risk of false elevation of the measurement through inadvertent pressure on the globe, and may decrease patient reaction to eyelid manipulation. 1,2,4,5 In horses, appropriate ophthalmic examination and treatment is often facilitated by administration of periocular nerve blocks. [1][2][3][4]14 Specifically, the auriculopalpebral (AP) motor nerve block temporarily and incompletely paralyzes the eyelid muscles (eyelid akinesia) 1,4,7,14 and allows examiners and surgeons to work around the strong eyelid closure ability especially prominent in large animal species such as horses and cattle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,2,4,5 In horses, appropriate ophthalmic examination and treatment is often facilitated by administration of periocular nerve blocks. [1][2][3][4]14 Specifically, the auriculopalpebral (AP) motor nerve block temporarily and incompletely paralyzes the eyelid muscles (eyelid akinesia) 1,4,7,14 and allows examiners and surgeons to work around the strong eyelid closure ability especially prominent in large animal species such as horses and cattle. 2,4,15 The AP nerve block in horses is such common practice in the equine ophthalmic examination 2-4 that nearly all clinical patient IOP, as well as data presented in the literature, is obtained after administration of such a nerve block.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of auriculopalpebral nerve block on equine intraocular pressure measured by rebound tonometry (TonoVet^®)

Diehl

Bowden

2020

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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Objective To assess rebound tonometry intraocular pressure (IOP) in unsedated horses without and with auriculopalpebral (AP) nerve blocks. Animals Studied Twenty‐two client‐ and twenty university‐owned horses (84 total eyes) with unremarkable ophthalmic examinations were evaluated. Procedure One eye of each horse was chosen randomly, an AP block performed for that eye, and IOP measured in both eyes with a TonoVet®. The process was repeated for the contralateral eye 72 hours later under the same conditions as the initial measurements. Horses were unsedated for nerve blocks and tonometry. Linear mixed‐effects models were used for comparisons with statistical significance threshold of 0.05. Results Overall, blocked eyes had an 0.8 mm Hg lower average IOP than unblocked eyes (P = .039). IOP for client‐owned horses was on average 3.2 mm Hg lower than in UGA‐owned horses (P = .025) and was more impacted by AP block (1.4 mm Hg lower average in client‐owned blocked versus unblocked eyes (P = .006)). Block effectiveness was ranked on a subjective scale (“good”, “poor”, no block/control), and IOP was on average lower in eyes with a good block (P = .008). Conclusion Although there were statistically significant differences in IOP between blocked and unblocked eyes, between client‐ and UGA‐owned horses, and between eyes with good and poor AP blocks, these differences were not clinically significant. Thus, AP blocks remain a useful tool for evaluating equine ophthalmic health with minimal impact on IOP assessment.

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Equine Ocular Examination

Cited by 46 publications

References 125 publications

Equine eosinophilic keratitis in horses: 28 cases (2003–2013)

Equine eosinophilic keratitis in horses: 28 cases (2003–2013)

Effect of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and stem cell supernatant on equine corneal wound healing in vitro

Effect of auriculopalpebral nerve block on equine intraocular pressure measured by rebound tonometry (TonoVet^®)

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Equine Ocular Examination

Cited by 46 publications

References 125 publications

Equine eosinophilic keratitis in horses: 28 cases (2003–2013)

Equine eosinophilic keratitis in horses: 28 cases (2003–2013)

Effect of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and stem cell supernatant on equine corneal wound healing in vitro

Effect of auriculopalpebral nerve block on equine intraocular pressure measured by rebound tonometry (TonoVet®)

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Effect of auriculopalpebral nerve block on equine intraocular pressure measured by rebound tonometry (TonoVet^®)