Equine Metabolic Syndrome

Frank, Nicholas; Geor, Raymond J.; Bailey, S. R.; Durham, Andy E.; Johnson, Philip J.

doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0503.x

Cited by 361 publications

(390 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…A truly age‐matched control group for the PPID horses would have been ideal for comparison, but we were unable to secure access to an adequate number of such animals that both met our inclusion criteria and had negative PPID test results. Ponies were also excluded from the control group to permit assessment of the effects of age, sex, body condition, and season on cortisol measurements using a more homogeneous control group, as endocrine differences between horses and ponies are described 1, 2, 31. However, ponies were included in the endocrine disease groups in order to increase disease group size.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is a substantial limitation of this study, as some of the differences in cortisol and insulin measurements identified between control and affected animals could be related at least in part to breed differences. However, there is conflicting evidence regarding increased susceptibility to PPID in some pony breeds,2 and there are breed differences in susceptibility to EMS,1, 31 so any breed differences in endocrine measurements in animals with these diseases might be relevant. Further study in larger numbers of animals is necessary to separate the effects of age versus PPID and of breed on equine cortisol‐binding dynamics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, increased total plasma cortisol is a typical finding in people with Cushing's Disease68, 69 but is not commonly observed in horses and ponies with PPID 2. Further, atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular disease (ie, stroke, myocardial infarction) are a key aspect of Metabolic Syndrome in people and are associated with increases in total and free cortisol,34, 70 but these clinical abnormalities are not appreciated in EMS 1, 31. In EMS, cardiovascular pathology resulting from vascular endothelial dysfunction might manifest as laminitis,71 but other mechanisms, such as insulin‐mediated overstimulation of the insulin‐like growth factor 1 receptor leading to lamellar hypertrophy and weakening, might also contribute to the development of laminitis in EMS 72.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Age, Season, Body Condition, and Endocrine Status on Serum Free Cortisol Fraction and Insulin Concentration in Horses

Hart

Wochele

Norton

et al. 2016

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundIncreased free cortisol fraction is associated with insulin dysregulation (ID) in people with Metabolic Syndrome and Cushing's Disease. Free cortisol has not been investigated in equine endocrine disorders.Hypotheses(1) In healthy horses, sex, age, body condition score (BCS), and season impact free cortisol; (2) free cortisol is increased in horses with Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction (PPID) or Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS).AnimalsFifty‐seven healthy horses; 40 horses and ponies with PPID (n = 20) or EMS (n = 20).MethodsProspective study. Serum collected seasonally from healthy animals and archived serum from PPID and EMS animals was analyzed for insulin, total and free cortisol concentrations, and free cortisol fraction (FCF). Linear mixed models were used to determine effects of age, sex, season, and BCS on hormones in controls. Hormone measurements were compared between disease groups and age‐ and season‐matched controls with t‐tests. EMS and hyperinsulinemic PPID animals were combined in an ID (hyperinsulinemia) group.ResultsFree cortisol concentrations were increased in overweight/obese controls (0.3 ± 0.1 μg/dL) compared to lean controls (0.2 ± 0.1 μg/dL; P = .017). Mean FCF was significantly higher in animals with PPID (8.8 ± 5.8 μg/dL, P = .005) or ID (8.8 ± 10.2 μg/dL, P = .039) than controls (5.0 ± 0.9 μg/dL), but total cortisol concentrations were similar (P ≥ .350) (PPID: 4.2 ± 4.3 μg/dL; ID: 5.0 ± 4.5 μg/dL; controls: 4.6 ± 1.7 and 5.1 ± 2.1 μg/dL).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceIncreased FCF is associated with obesity in healthy horses and with ID (hyperinsulinemia) in horses and ponies with endocrine disease. Decreased plasma cortisol‐binding capacity could be a component of these endocrine disorders in horses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Effect of Age, Season, Body Condition, and Endocrine Status on Serum Free Cortisol Fraction and Insulin Concentration in Horses

Hart

Wochele

Norton

et al. 2016

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…Hay with low non-structural carbohydrates (NSC; simple sugars, starch and fructan) content should be selected [25]. These non-structural carbohydrates can induce laminitis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In these studies it was shown that the bioavailability of microelements from the enriched biomass was higher than from inorganic salts. The new feed additive produced from the biomass of alfalfa, chopped grass pellets and chopped grass additionally enriched with Cu(II), Zn(II), Mn(II) and Cr(III) can be used in horse feeding, especially with diagnosed equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) which is a serious endocrine disorder characterized by severe obesity, insulin resistance, systemic inflammation and past or chronic laminitis [23][24][25]. Most recently, herbal bioactive substances have been showed to possess a beneficial effect in EMS feeding through improvement of insulin sensitivity [26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomass Enriched with Minerals via Biosorption Process as a Potential Ingredient of Horse Feed

Michalak

Godlewska

Marycz

2018

Waste Biomass Valor

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In the present work, dry plant biomass that is commonly used in horses feeding: alfalfa, chopped grass pellets and chopped grass was used as a biosorbent of microelement ions: Cr(III), Zn(II), Cu(II) and Mn(II). Biosorption process was used to potentially enhance supplementation of minerals in horses diet. In order to characterize the biosorption properties of the examined biomass, preliminary experiments (kinetics and equilibrium studies) were conducted with Cr(III) ions. The effect of pH and initial metal ions concentration (C 0 ) on the biosorption capacity (q) was investigated. On this basis, the best experimental conditions were chosen (pH 5, C S 1.0 g/L (biomass content), C 0 200 mg/L). For them, biosorption of Mn(II), Zn(II), Cu(II) ions was carried out in a periodic and continuous system (biosorption column). Equilibrium of the biosorption was described using Langmuir equation. The mineral composition of the raw and enriched biomass was also examined using ICP-OES, as well as SEM-EDX technique. In general, the best biosorption properties were observed for alfalfa. The maximum biosorption capacity for Zn(II) was 27.5 mg/g, for Cu(II)-38.5 mg/g, for Mn(II)-13.6 mg/g and for Cr(III)-33.2 mg/g. Therefore, the biomass of enriched alfalfa can be recommended as a feed supplement for horses.

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Laboratory Assessment of Lipid and Glucose Metabolism

Walton¹

2013

Equine Clinical Pathology

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Equine Metabolic Syndrome

Cited by 361 publications

References 57 publications

Effect of Age, Season, Body Condition, and Endocrine Status on Serum Free Cortisol Fraction and Insulin Concentration in Horses

Effect of Age, Season, Body Condition, and Endocrine Status on Serum Free Cortisol Fraction and Insulin Concentration in Horses

Biomass Enriched with Minerals via Biosorption Process as a Potential Ingredient of Horse Feed

Laboratory Assessment of Lipid and Glucose Metabolism

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